Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 3

A few are germs that make us ill, and viruses are stranger still: much smaller than bacteria, they cannot do anything on their own and only copy themselves inside living cells.

Who acts: few, germs, viruses · What happens: be, make, not do, copy · To what, where: germs, us, anything, viruses

This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (few, germs, viruses), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 few	det
2	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 germs	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 germs	cop
4	germs	germ	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 make	nsubj
6	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 germs	acl:relcl
7	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	6 make	obj
8	ill	ill	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 make	xcomp
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 stranger	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 stranger	cc
11	viruses	virus	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 stranger	nsubj
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 stranger	cop
13	stranger	strange	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 germs	conj
14	still	still	ADV	_	13 stranger	advmod
15	:	:	PUNCT	_	17 smaller	punct
16	much	much	ADV	_	17 smaller	advmod
17	smaller	small	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 germs	conj
18	than	than	ADP	_	19 bacteria	case
19	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 smaller	obl
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 do	punct
21	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	24 do	nsubj
22	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	24 do	aux
23	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	24 do	advmod
24	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 germs	conj
25	anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	24 do	obj
26	on	on	ADP	_	31 copy	case
27	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	28 own	nmod:poss
28	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 copy	amod
29	and	and	CCONJ	_	30 only	cc
30	only	only	ADJ	Degree=Pos	28 own	conj
31	copy	copy	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	24 do	conj
32	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	31 copy	obj
33	inside	inside	ADV	_	31 copy	advmod
34	living	living	ADJ	_	35 cells	amod
35	cells	cell	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 copy	obl
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 germs	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed polarity=none

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a few	germs			tree rules
2	make	present	germs	us		ill property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset we=Product
3	is	present	viruses		still	strange property	tree rules
4	be		a few not said here			than bacteria	tree rules
5	not do	can	viruses = virus	anything			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Eventuality
6	copy	infinitive	viruses = virus not said here	viruses = virus		living cells obl; inside property	vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:3.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/3/