The reptile house: Komodo dragons, chameleons, tortoises and crocodiles, sentence 14

Crocodiles swallow prey whole or in big chunks, and they also swallow stones, which may help them grind food or stay balanced in water.

Who acts: Crocodiles, chunks, stones · What happens: swallow, help, grind, stay, balance · To what, where: prey, big chunks, stones, food, water

This is a sentence of the lesson «The reptile house: Komodo dragons, chameleons, tortoises and crocodiles» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Crocodiles, chunks, stones), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Crocodiles	crocodile	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 swallow	nsubj
2	swallow	swallow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	prey	prey	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 swallow	obj
4	whole	whole	ADV	Degree=Pos	2 swallow	advmod
5	or	or	CCONJ	_	8 chunks	cc
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 chunks	case
7	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 chunks	amod
8	chunks	chunk	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 swallow	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 swallow	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 swallow	cc
11	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 swallow	nsubj
12	also	also	ADV	_	13 swallow	advmod
13	swallow	swallow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 swallow	conj
14	stones	stone	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 swallow	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 help	punct
16	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 help	nsubj
17	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	18 help	aux
18	help	help	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	13 swallow	conj
19	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 help	obj
20	grind	grind	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	18 help	xcomp
21	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 grind	obj
22	or	or	CCONJ	_	23 stay	cc
23	stay	stay	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 grind	conj
24	balanced	balance	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	23 stay	xcomp
25	in	in	ADP	_	26 water	case
26	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 balanced	obl
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 swallow	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	swallow	present	Crocodiles	prey	big chunks	whole property	vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Patient
2	swallow	present	chunks = chunk	stones			vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Patient
3	help	may		stones = stone			vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary clause=Theme
4	grind	infinitive	stones = stone not said here	food			vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient
5	stay	infinitive	stones = stone not said here				tree rules
6	balance	participle	stones = stone not said here		water		vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in water=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:088-reptile-house-komodo-chameleons-tortoises-crocodiles.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/88-reptile-house-komodo-chameleons-tortoises-crocodiles/14/