The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays, sentence 10

Rays are flat relatives of sharks with cartilage skeletons; they hide in sand and eat shellfish and worms, and a stingray's barb on its tail is only for defence.

Who acts: Rays, sharks, barb · What happens: be, hide, eat · To what, where: flat relatives, sand, shellfish

This is a sentence of the lesson «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Rays, sharks, barb), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 relatives	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 relatives	cop
3	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 relatives	amod
4	relatives	relative	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 sharks	case
6	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 relatives	nmod
7	with	with	ADP	_	9 skeletons	case
8	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 skeletons	compound
9	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 sharks	nmod
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	12 hide	punct
11	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 hide	nsubj
12	hide	hide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 relatives	parataxis
13	in	in	ADP	_	14 sand	case
14	sand	sand	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 hide	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 eat	cc
16	eat	eat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 hide	conj
17	shellfish	shellfish	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 eat	obj
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 worms	cc
19	worms	worm	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 shellfish	conj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	32 defence	punct
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	32 defence	cc
22	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	23 stingray	det
23	stingray	stingray	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 barb	nmod:poss
24	's	's	PART	_	23 stingray	case
25	barb	barb	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 defence	nsubj
26	on	on	ADP	_	28 tail	case
27	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	28 tail	nmod:poss
28	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 barb	nmod
29	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	32 defence	cop
30	only	only	ADV	_	32 defence	advmod
31	for	for	ADP	_	32 defence	case
32	defence	defence	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 relatives	conj
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 relatives	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Rays	flat relatives and defence		of sharks with cartilage skeletons	tree rules
2	hide	present	sharks = shark		sand		vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in sand=Location
3	eat	present	sharks = shark not said here	shellfish and worms			vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shellfish=Patient
4	is	present	a stingray's barb on barb's tail			for defence	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:091-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/10/