The butterfly house, sentence 7

Butterfly wings are covered in tiny scales that rub off easily, and losing many can make flying harder; Lepidoptera, the name for butterflies and moths, means «scaly wings».

Who acts: tiny scales, losing, Lepidoptera · What happens: cover, rub off, lose, make, fly, means · To what, where: Butterfly wings, many, scaly wings

This is a sentence of the lesson «The butterfly house» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tiny scales, losing, Lepidoptera), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Butterfly	butterfly	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 wings	compound
2	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 covered	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 covered	aux:pass
4	covered	cover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 scales	case
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 scales	amod
7	scales	scale	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 covered	obl
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 rub	nsubj
9	rub	rub	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 scales	acl:relcl
10	off	off	ADP	_	9 rub	compound:prt
11	easily	easily	ADV	_	9 rub	advmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 make	punct
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 make	cc
14	losing	lose	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	17 make	csubj
15	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 losing	obj
16	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	17 make	aux
17	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 covered	conj
18	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	17 make	xcomp
19	harder	hard	ADV	Degree=Cmp	18 flying	advmod
20	;	;	PUNCT	_	21 Lepidoptera	punct
21	Lepidoptera	Lepidoptera	PROPN	Number=Sing	30 means	nsubj
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 name	punct
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 name	det
24	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 Lepidoptera	appos
25	for	for	ADP	_	26 butterflies	case
26	butterflies	butterfly	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 name	nmod
27	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 moths	cc
28	moths	moth	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 butterflies	conj
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 means	punct
30	means	means	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 covered	parataxis
31	«	«	PUNCT	_	33 wings	punct
32	scaly	scaly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 wings	amod
33	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 means	obj
34	»	»	PUNCT	_	33 wings	punct
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 covered	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	cover	present · passive		Butterfly wings	in tiny scales	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in scale=Theme
2	rub off	present	tiny scales		easily property	vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme
3	lose	gerund		many		vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent many=Eventuality
4	make	can	losing			tree rules
5	fly	gerund	losing not said here		hard property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
6	means	present	Lepidoptera	scaly wings		tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:098-the-butterfly-house.lesson:7.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/98-the-butterfly-house/7/