The Wind in the Willows, chapter V, part 4: Dulce Domum (the carol, a magic supper, and a home to come back to), sentence 16
The last verse asks: «Who were the first to cry Nowell? / Animals all, as it befell» (Nowell = Noel, a Christmas shout of joy; befell = happened).
Who acts: last verse, verse · What happens: ask, be, cry, befall, happen, shout · To what, where: Nowell, joy · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Wind in the Willows, chapter V, part 4: Dulce Domum (the carol, a magic supper, and a home to come back to)» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (last verse, verse), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 verse | det |
| 2 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 verse | amod |
| 3 | verse | verse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 asks | nsubj |
| 4 | asks | ask | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 first | punct |
| 6 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 10 first | punct |
| 7 | Who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 first | nsubj |
| 8 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 first | cop |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 first | det |
| 10 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 4 asks | ccomp |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 cry | mark |
| 12 | cry | cry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 first | acl |
| 13 | Nowell | Nowell | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 cry | obj |
| 14 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 10 first | punct |
| 15 | / | / | PUNCT | _ | 16 Animals | punct |
| 16 | Animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 asks | parataxis |
| 17 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 16 Animals | det |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 befell | punct |
| 19 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 21 befell | mark |
| 20 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 befell | nsubj |
| 21 | befell | befall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 Animals | advcl |
| 22 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 4 asks | punct |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 24 Nowell | punct |
| 24 | Nowell | Nowell | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 befell | obl |
| 25 | = | = | PUNCT | _ | 26 Noel | punct |
| 26 | Noel | Noel | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 Nowell | nmod:unmarked |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 shout | punct |
| 28 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 shout | det |
| 29 | Christmas | Christmas | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 shout | compound |
| 30 | shout | shout | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 Nowell | appos |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 joy | case |
| 32 | joy | joy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 shout | nmod |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 34 befell | punct |
| 34 | befell | befall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 asks | conj |
| 35 | = | = | SYM | _ | 36 happened | punct |
| 36 | happened | happen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 befell | ccomp |
| 37 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 36 happened | punct |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 asks | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ask speech: ask | present | the last verse | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | is in a quote | past | first property | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | cry speech: express in a quote | to-infinitive | Nowell | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nowell=Topic | |||||
| 4 | befall in a quote | past | verse | Nowell Noel | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | befall | past | the last verse not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | happen | past | the last verse not said here | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | shout | joy | nom shout «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:books:044-willows-ch5-part4-the-carol-and-a-happy-homecoming.lesson:16.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/44-willows-ch5-part4-the-carol-and-a-happy-homecoming/16/