Just So Stories, How the First Letter Was Written, part 1: a broken spear and a picture on birch-bark, sentence 15
Tegumai's spear is wood with shark's teeth at the end; he breaks it «clean across» by jabbing too hard on the river bottom, and he has forgotten to bring extra spears.
Who acts: spear, Tegumai · What happens: be, break, jab, forget, not bring · To what, where: wood, spear, extra spears
This is a sentence of the lesson «Just So Stories, How the First Letter Was Written, part 1: a broken spear and a picture on birch-bark» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spear, Tegumai), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tegumai | Tegumai | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 spear | nmod:poss |
| 2 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 1 Tegumai | case |
| 3 | spear | spear | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 wood | nsubj |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 wood | cop |
| 5 | wood | wood | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 6 | with | with | ADP | _ | 9 teeth | case |
| 7 | shark | shark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 teeth | nmod:poss |
| 8 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 7 shark | case |
| 9 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 wood | nmod |
| 10 | at | at | ADP | _ | 12 end | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 end | det |
| 12 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 teeth | nmod |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 breaks | punct |
| 14 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 breaks | nsubj |
| 15 | breaks | break | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 wood | parataxis |
| 16 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 breaks | obj |
| 17 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 18 clean | punct |
| 18 | clean | clean | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 breaks | xcomp |
| 19 | across | across | ADV | _ | 18 clean | advmod |
| 20 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 18 clean | punct |
| 21 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 22 jabbing | mark |
| 22 | jabbing | jab | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 15 breaks | advcl |
| 23 | too | too | ADV | _ | 24 hard | advmod |
| 24 | hard | hard | ADV | Degree=Pos | 22 jabbing | advmod |
| 25 | on | on | ADP | _ | 28 bottom | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 bottom | det |
| 27 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 bottom | compound |
| 28 | bottom | bottom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 jabbing | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 forgotten | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 forgotten | cc |
| 31 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 forgotten | nsubj |
| 32 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 forgotten | aux |
| 33 | forgotten | forget | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 breaks | conj |
| 34 | to | to | PART | _ | 35 bring | mark |
| 35 | bring | bring | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 forgotten | xcomp |
| 36 | extra | extra | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 spears | amod |
| 37 | spears | spear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 bring | obj |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 wood | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Tegumai's spear | wood | with shark's teeth at the end | tree rules | |||
| 2 | break | present | Tegumai | spear | clean property | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Patient | |||
| 3 | jab | gerund | Tegumai not said here | on the river bottom; hard property | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent on bottom=Patient | ||||
| 4 | forget | present · perfect | Tegumai | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | not bring | to-infinitive | Tegumai not said here | extra spears | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent spear=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:books:084-justso-first-letter-1-a-broken-spear.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/84-justso-first-letter-1-a-broken-spear/15/