Just So Stories, How the First Letter Was Written, part 1: a broken spear and a picture on birch-bark, sentence 27
Writing was invented about 5,000 years ago, first in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and Egypt, and later, separately, in China and in Central America.
What happens: invent · To what, where: Writing, Mesopotamia
This is a sentence of the lesson «Just So Stories, How the First Letter Was Written, part 1: a broken spear and a picture on birch-bark» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Writing | writing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 invented | aux:pass |
| 3 | invented | invent | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | about | about | ADV | _ | 5 5,000 | advmod |
| 5 | 5,000 | 5000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 6 years | nummod |
| 6 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 7 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 3 invented | advmod |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 first | punct |
| 9 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 3 invented | advmod |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 Mesopotamia | case |
| 11 | Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | obl |
| 12 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 14 Iraq | punct |
| 13 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 14 Iraq | advmod |
| 14 | Iraq | Iraq | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 Mesopotamia | appos |
| 15 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 14 Iraq | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 Egypt | cc |
| 17 | Egypt | Egypt | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 Mesopotamia | conj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 later | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 later | cc |
| 20 | later | late | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 3 invented | advmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 separately | punct |
| 22 | separately | separately | ADV | _ | 3 invented | advmod |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 China | punct |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 China | case |
| 25 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | obl |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 America | cc |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 America | case |
| 28 | Central | Central | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 America | flat |
| 29 | America | America | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 China | conj |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 invented | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none, act=assert
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | invent | past · passive | Writing | Mesopotamia and Egypt | in China and Central America; ago, first, late, separately property | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:books:084-justso-first-letter-1-a-broken-spear.lesson:27.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/84-justso-first-letter-1-a-broken-spear/27/