Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was Made, part 3: «the Alphabet, all complete», and how letters really began, sentence 23
Real life: the Greeks borrowed it and added vowels; the Romans took it from the Greeks and the Etruscans and made the Latin alphabet, which English uses.
Who acts: Greeks, Romans, English · What happens: borrow, add, take, make, use · To what, where: life, vowels, Greeks, Latin alphabet
This is a sentence of the lesson «Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was Made, part 3: «the Alphabet, all complete», and how letters really began» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Greeks, Romans, English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 life | amod |
| 2 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 5 Greeks | punct |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 Greeks | det |
| 5 | Greeks | greek | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 life | appos |
| 6 | borrowed | borrow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 Greeks | acl |
| 7 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 borrowed | obj |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 added | cc |
| 9 | added | add | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 borrowed | conj |
| 10 | vowels | vowel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 added | obj |
| 11 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 14 took | punct |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 Romans | det |
| 13 | Romans | Roman | PROPN | Number=Plur | 14 took | nsubj |
| 14 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 Greeks | conj |
| 15 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 took | obj |
| 16 | from | from | ADP | _ | 18 Greeks | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 Greeks | det |
| 18 | Greeks | Greek | PROPN | Number=Plur | 14 took | obl |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 Etruscans | cc |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 Etruscans | det |
| 21 | Etruscans | Etruscan | PROPN | Number=Plur | 18 Greeks | conj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 made | cc |
| 23 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 took | conj |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 alphabet | det |
| 25 | Latin | Latin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 alphabet | amod |
| 26 | alphabet | alphabet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 made | obj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 uses | punct |
| 28 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 30 uses | obj |
| 29 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 uses | nsubj |
| 30 | uses | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 alphabet | acl:relcl |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 life | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | borrow | participle | the Greeks not said here | life | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | ||||
| 2 | add speech: assert | past | the Greeks not said here | vowels | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vowel=Patient | ||||
| 3 | take | past | the Romans | life | the Greeks and the Etruscans | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent it=Theme from greek=Initial_Location | |||
| 4 | make | past | the Romans not said here | the Latin alphabet | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset alphabet=Product | ||||
| 5 | use | present | English | the Latin alphabet | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:books:089-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete.lesson:23.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/89-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete/23/