Apostrophes: missing letters and belonging, sentence 0
An apostrophe is a little raised comma with two jobs: it marks letters that have been squeezed out ("do not" becomes "don't") and it shows that something belongs to someone ("the dog's bone").
Who acts: apostrophe, it, something · What happens: raise, be, mark, squeeze out, not become, show · To what, where: little raised comma, letters · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Apostrophes: missing letters and belonging» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (apostrophe, it, something), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | An | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 apostrophe | det |
| 2 | apostrophe | apostrophe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 comma | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 comma | cop |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 comma | det |
| 5 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 comma | amod |
| 6 | raised | raise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 comma | amod |
| 7 | comma | comma | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 8 | with | with | ADP | _ | 10 jobs | case |
| 9 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 10 jobs | nummod |
| 10 | jobs | job | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 comma | nmod |
| 11 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 13 marks | punct |
| 12 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 marks | nsubj |
| 13 | marks | mark | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 comma | parataxis |
| 14 | letters | letter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 marks | obj |
| 15 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 squeezed | nsubj:pass |
| 16 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 squeezed | aux |
| 17 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 18 squeezed | aux:pass |
| 18 | squeezed | squeeze | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 14 letters | acl:relcl |
| 19 | out | out | ADP | _ | 18 squeezed | compound:prt |
| 20 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 25 becomes | punct |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 becomes | punct |
| 22 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 becomes | aux |
| 23 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 25 becomes | advmod |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 becomes | punct |
| 25 | becomes | become | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 marks | conj |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 27 do | punct |
| 27 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 becomes | parataxis |
| 28 | n't | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 27 do | advmod |
| 29 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 27 do | punct |
| 30 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 25 becomes | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 shows | cc |
| 32 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 shows | nsubj |
| 33 | shows | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 marks | conj |
| 34 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 belongs | mark |
| 35 | something | something | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 36 belongs | nsubj |
| 36 | belongs | belong | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 shows | ccomp |
| 37 | to | to | ADP | _ | 38 someone | case |
| 38 | someone | someone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 36 belongs | obl |
| 39 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 44 bone | punct |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 44 bone | punct |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 dog | det |
| 42 | dog | dog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 bone | nmod:poss |
| 43 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 42 dog | case |
| 44 | bone | bone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 someone | appos |
| 45 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 44 bone | punct |
| 46 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 44 bone | punct |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 comma | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | raise | participle | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | is a | present | a apostrophe | a little raised comma | with two jobs | tree rules | |||
| 3 | mark | present | apostrophe | letters | vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent letter=Destination | ||||
| 4 | squeeze out | present · perfect · passive | letters | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 5 | not become | present · do-support | apostrophe not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | show | present | it | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | belong | present | something | to someone | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:034-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/34-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging/0/