Soft words for hard things: money and poverty, sentence 1
Old-fashioned speakers say "in reduced circumstances"; friends say "hard up" or "a bit short"; officials say "food insecure" or "receiving public assistance".
Who acts: fashioned speakers, friends, officials · What happens: say, reduce, receive · To what, where: reduced circumstances, hard, public assistance · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Soft words for hard things: money and poverty» of the euphemisms course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (fashioned speakers, friends, officials), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 fashioned | amod |
| 2 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 1 Old | punct |
| 3 | fashioned | fashioned | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 speakers | amod |
| 4 | speakers | speaker | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 say | nsubj |
| 5 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 circumstances | punct |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 circumstances | case |
| 8 | reduced | reduce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 circumstances | amod |
| 9 | circumstances | circumstance | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 say | obl |
| 10 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 9 circumstances | punct |
| 11 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 13 say | punct |
| 12 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 say | nsubj |
| 13 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 say | parataxis |
| 14 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 hard | punct |
| 15 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 say | obj |
| 16 | up | up | ADV | _ | 15 hard | advmod |
| 17 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 short | punct |
| 18 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 22 short | cc |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 short | punct |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 bit | det |
| 21 | bit | bit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 short | obl:unmarked |
| 22 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 hard | conj |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 short | punct |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 say | punct |
| 25 | officials | official | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 say | nsubj |
| 26 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 say | parataxis |
| 27 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 insecure | punct |
| 28 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 insecure | nsubj |
| 29 | insecure | insecure | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 say | ccomp |
| 30 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 insecure | punct |
| 31 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 33 receiving | cc |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 receiving | punct |
| 33 | receiving | receive | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 29 insecure | conj |
| 34 | public | public | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 assistance | amod |
| 35 | assistance | assistance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 receiving | obj |
| 36 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 receiving | punct |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 say | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present | fashioned speakers | reduced circumstances | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in circumstance=Manner | ||||
| 2 | reduce in a quote | participle | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer | ||||||
| 3 | say speech: assert | present | friends | hard | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent hard=Topic | ||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | present | officials | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | receive in a quote | gerund | officials not said here | public assistance | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent assistance=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:euphemisms:019-money-and-poverty.lesson:1.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/euphemisms/19-money-and-poverty/1/