Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic, sentence 16
Hannibal of Carthage, in North Africa, marched an army with war elephants over the Alps into Italy and beat the Romans many times, but Rome did not give up and in the end defeated Carthage.
Who acts: Hannibal, Rome · What happens: march, beat, not give up, defeat · To what, where: army, Alps, Romans, Carthage, end
This is a sentence of the lesson «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hannibal, Rome), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hannibal | Hannibal | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 marched | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 3 Carthage | case |
| 3 | Carthage | Carthage | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Hannibal | nmod |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 Africa | punct |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 Africa | case |
| 6 | North | North | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 Africa | compound |
| 7 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Hannibal | conj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 marched | punct |
| 9 | marched | march | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 army | det |
| 11 | army | army | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 marched | obj |
| 12 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 elephants | case |
| 13 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 elephants | compound |
| 14 | elephants | elephant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 marched | obl |
| 15 | over | over | ADP | _ | 17 Alps | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 Alps | det |
| 17 | Alps | Alps | PROPN | Number=Plur | 9 marched | obl |
| 18 | into | into | ADP | _ | 19 Italy | case |
| 19 | Italy | Italy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 marched | obl |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 beat | cc |
| 21 | beat | beat | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 marched | conj |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 Romans | det |
| 23 | Romans | Roman | PROPN | Number=Plur | 21 beat | obj |
| 24 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 times | amod |
| 25 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 beat | obl:unmarked |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 give | punct |
| 27 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 31 give | cc |
| 28 | Rome | Rome | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 give | nsubj |
| 29 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 31 give | aux |
| 30 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 31 give | advmod |
| 31 | give | give | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 marched | conj |
| 32 | up | up | ADP | _ | 31 give | compound:prt |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 defeated | cc |
| 34 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 end | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 end | det |
| 36 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 defeated | obl |
| 37 | defeated | defeat | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 31 give | conj |
| 38 | Carthage | Carthage | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 defeated | obj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 marched | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | march | past | Hannibal of Carthage and North Africa | a army | the Alps | with war elephants; into Italy result | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent army=Theme into italy=Result | ||
| 2 | beat | past | Hannibal of Carthage and North Africa not said here | the Romans | time | vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location roman=Theme | |||
| 3 | not give up | past · do-support | Rome | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | defeat | past | Rome not said here | Carthage | in the end | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:013-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic.lesson:16.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/16/