The first farms and towns, sentence 18

People learned to melt copper from rocks, and later mixed copper with tin to make bronze, which is harder.

Who acts: People, bronze · What happens: learn, melt, mixed, make, be · To what, where: copper, rocks, bronze

This is a sentence of the lesson «The first farms and towns» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, bronze), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	People	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 learned	nsubj
2	learned	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 melt	mark
4	melt	melt	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 learned	xcomp
5	copper	copper	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 melt	obj
6	from	from	ADP	_	7 rocks	case
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 melt	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 mixed	punct
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 mixed	cc
10	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	11 mixed	advmod
11	mixed	mixed	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 learned	conj
12	copper	copper	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 mixed	obj
13	with	with	ADP	_	14 tin	case
14	tin	tin	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 mixed	obl
15	to	to	PART	_	16 make	mark
16	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 mixed	advcl
17	bronze	bronze	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 make	obj
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 harder	punct
19	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	21 harder	nsubj
20	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 harder	cop
21	harder	hard	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	17 bronze	acl:relcl
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 learned	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	learn	past	People				vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	melt	to-infinitive	People not said here	copper	rocks		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient copper=Result
3	mixed	past	People not said here	copper		with tin; late property	tree rules
4	make	to-infinitive	People not said here	bronze			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bronze=Product
5	is	present	bronze			hard property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:002-the-first-farms-and-towns.lesson:18.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/2-the-first-farms-and-towns/18/