China: the four great inventions, sentence 18
Kites were flown in China at least by the 5th century BC and used for signals; sunshades and umbrellas were also known in ancient Egypt and Assyria.
What happens: fly, use, know · To what, where: Kites, China, sunshades, ancient Egypt
This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kites | kite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 flown | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 flown | aux:pass |
| 3 | flown | fly | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 China | case |
| 5 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 flown | obl |
| 6 | at | at | ADP | _ | 7 least | case |
| 7 | least | least | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 3 flown | obl |
| 8 | by | by | ADP | _ | 11 century | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 century | det |
| 10 | 5th | 5th | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 11 century | amod |
| 11 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 flown | obl |
| 12 | BC | BC | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 century | appos |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 used | cc |
| 14 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 flown | conj |
| 15 | for | for | ADP | _ | 16 signals | case |
| 16 | signals | signal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 used | obl |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 23 known | punct |
| 18 | sunshades | sunshade | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 known | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 umbrellas | cc |
| 20 | umbrellas | umbrella | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 sunshades | conj |
| 21 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 known | aux:pass |
| 22 | also | also | ADV | _ | 23 known | advmod |
| 23 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 flown | parataxis |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 26 Egypt | case |
| 25 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 Egypt | amod |
| 26 | Egypt | Egypt | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 known | obl |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 Assyria | cc |
| 28 | Assyria | Assyria | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 Egypt | conj |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 flown | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fly | past · passive | Kites | China | century | at least | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: subject=Theme in china=Location | ||
| 2 | use | participle | for signals | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | know | past · passive | sunshades and umbrellas | ancient Egypt and Assyria | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:053-china-the-four-great-inventions.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/53-china-the-four-great-inventions/18/