Everyday inventions: pots, boats, wheels, horses, clocks and glasses, sentence 12

About 1,500 years ago, many people in the Middle East and North Africa stopped using carts and moved goods by camel, because camels were cheaper and needed no roads.

Who acts: many people, camels · What happens: stop, use, move, be, need · To what, where: carts, goods, roads

This is a sentence of the lesson «Everyday inventions: pots, boats, wheels, horses, clocks and glasses» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many people, camels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	About	about	ADV	_	2 1,500	advmod
2	1,500	1,500	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 years	nummod
3	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 ago	obl:unmarked
4	ago	ago	ADV	_	15 stopped	advmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 ago	punct
6	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 people	amod
7	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 stopped	nsubj
8	in	in	ADP	_	11 East	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 East	det
10	Middle	Middle	PROPN	_	11 East	compound
11	East	East	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 people	nmod
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 Africa	cc
13	North	North	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 Africa	compound
14	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 East	conj
15	stopped	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
16	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	15 stopped	xcomp
17	carts	cart	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 using	obj
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 moved	cc
19	moved	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 stopped	conj
20	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	19 moved	obj
21	by	by	ADP	_	22 camel	case
22	camel	camel	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 moved	obl
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 cheaper	punct
24	because	because	SCONJ	_	27 cheaper	mark
25	camels	camel	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 cheaper	nsubj
26	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	27 cheaper	cop
27	cheaper	cheap	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	15 stopped	advcl
28	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 needed	cc
29	needed	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	27 cheaper	conj
30	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	31 roads	det
31	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 needed	obj
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	15 stopped	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	stop	past	many people in the Middle East and North Africa		ago property	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
2	use	gerund	many people in the Middle East and North Africa not said here	carts		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cart=Patient
3	move	past	many people in the Middle East and North Africa not said here	goods	by camel	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent goods=Theme
4	is	past	camels		cheap property	tree rules
5	need	past	camels not said here	no roads		vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot road=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:062-everyday-inventions-pots-boats-wheels-horses-clocks-and-glasses.lesson:12.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/62-everyday-inventions-pots-boats-wheels-horses-clocks-and-glasses/12/