Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other, sentence 13
Writing was invented separately in Mesopotamia about 5,200 years ago, in China over 3,000 years ago, and in Mexico and Central America over 2,000 years ago; whether Egypt's writing was separate is debated.
Who acts: writing, Egypt · What happens: invent, be, debate, write · To what, where: Writing, Mesopotamia
This is a sentence of the lesson «Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (writing, Egypt), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Writing | writing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 invented | aux:pass |
| 3 | invented | invent | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | separately | separately | ADV | _ | 3 invented | advmod |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 Mesopotamia | case |
| 6 | Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | obl |
| 7 | about | about | ADV | _ | 8 5,200 | advmod |
| 8 | 5,200 | 5,200 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 9 years | nummod |
| 9 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 10 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 3 invented | advmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 China | punct |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 13 China | case |
| 13 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | obl |
| 14 | over | over | ADV | _ | 15 3,000 | advmod |
| 15 | 3,000 | 3,000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 16 years | nummod |
| 16 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 17 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 3 invented | advmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 Mexico | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 Mexico | cc |
| 20 | in | in | ADP | _ | 21 Mexico | case |
| 21 | Mexico | Mexico | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 invented | obl |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 America | cc |
| 23 | Central | Central | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 America | compound |
| 24 | America | America | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 Mexico | conj |
| 25 | over | over | ADV | _ | 26 2,000 | advmod |
| 26 | 2,000 | 2,000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 27 years | nummod |
| 27 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 28 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 3 invented | advmod |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 37 debated | punct |
| 30 | whether | whether | SCONJ | _ | 35 separate | mark |
| 31 | Egypt | Egypt | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 writing | nmod:poss |
| 32 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 31 Egypt | case |
| 33 | writing | writing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 separate | nsubj |
| 34 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 separate | cop |
| 35 | separate | separate | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 debated | csubj:pass |
| 36 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 debated | aux:pass |
| 37 | debated | debate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 invented | conj |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 invented | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- neg
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | invent | past · passive | Writing | Mesopotamia | in China; in Mexico and Central America; ago, separately property | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result | |||
| 2 | is | past | Egypt's writing | separate property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | debate | present · passive | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V» | ||||||
| 4 | write | Egypt | nom writing «act transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:063-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/13/