Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other, sentence 16

The story that people first swapped goods and then invented money is contested: scholars have found few, if any, communities that lived by swapping alone, and neighbours more often lent, gave and remembered debts.

Who acts: people, scholars, few communities, neighbours · What happens: swap, invent, contest, find, live, lend · To what, where: story, money, few communities, debts

This is a sentence of the lesson «Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, scholars, few communities, neighbours), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 story	det
2	story	story	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 contested	nsubj
3	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 swapped	obj
4	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 swapped	nsubj
5	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 swapped	advmod
6	swapped	swap	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 story	acl:relcl
7	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	6 swapped	obj
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 invented	cc
9	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	10 invented	advmod
10	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 swapped	conj
11	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 invented	obj
12	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 contested	aux:pass
13	contested	contest	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
14	:	:	PUNCT	_	13 contested	punct
15	scholars	scholar	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 found	nsubj
16	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 found	aux
17	found	find	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	13 contested	parataxis
18	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 communities	amod
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 found	punct
20	if	if	SCONJ	_	21 any	mark
21	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	23 communities	det
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 any	punct
23	communities	community	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 found	obj
24	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	25 lived	nsubj
25	lived	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	23 communities	acl:relcl
26	by	by	SCONJ	_	27 swapping	mark
27	swapping	swap	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	25 lived	advcl
28	alone	alone	ADV	_	27 swapping	advmod
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 found	punct
30	and	and	CCONJ	_	34 lent	cc
31	neighbours	neighbour	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 lent	nsubj
32	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	33 often	advmod
33	often	often	ADV	_	34 lent	advmod
34	lent	lend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 found	conj
35	,	,	PUNCT	_	36 gave	punct
36	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	34 lent	conj
37	and	and	CCONJ	_	38 remembered	cc
38	remembered	remember	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	34 lent	conj
39	debts	debt	NOUN	Number=Plur	38 remembered	obj
40	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 contested	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	swap	past	people	the story		first property	tree rules
2	invent	past	people not said here	money	then		vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Result
3	contest	present · passive		the story			tree rules
4	find	present · perfect	scholars	any few communities			vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent community=Topic
5	live	past	any few communities				vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
6	swap	gerund	any few communities not said here			alone property	vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme
7	lend	past	neighbours			often property	vn give-13.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent
8	give	past	neighbours not said here				vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
9	remember	past	neighbours not said here	debts			vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent debt=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:063-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/16/