Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other, sentence 18
The first known coins were made in Lydia, in what is now Turkey, around 600 BCE; coins appeared in China and India around the same time.
Who acts: coins · What happens: know, make, be, appear · To what, where: first known coins, Lydia, Turkey, China
This is a sentence of the lesson «Writing, laws and money: how strangers learned to trust each other» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (coins), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 coins | det |
| 2 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 4 coins | amod |
| 3 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 coins | amod |
| 4 | coins | coin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 made | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 made | aux:pass |
| 6 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 Lydia | case |
| 8 | Lydia | Lydia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 made | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 what | punct |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 what | case |
| 11 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Rel | 6 made | advcl:relcl |
| 12 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 Turkey | cop |
| 13 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 14 Turkey | advmod |
| 14 | Turkey | Turkey | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 what | acl:relcl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 600 | punct |
| 16 | around | around | ADV | _ | 17 600 | advmod |
| 17 | 600 | 600 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 14 Turkey | nummod |
| 18 | BCE | BCE | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 Turkey | flat |
| 19 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 appeared | punct |
| 20 | coins | coin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 appeared | nsubj |
| 21 | appeared | appear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 made | parataxis |
| 22 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 China | case |
| 23 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 appeared | obl |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 India | cc |
| 25 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 China | conj |
| 26 | around | around | ADP | _ | 29 time | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 time | det |
| 28 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 time | amod |
| 29 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 appeared | obl |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 made | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | participle | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 2 | make | past · passive | the first known coins | Lydia | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 3 | is a | present | Turkey | now | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | appear | past | coins | China and India | time | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in china=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:063-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/63-writing-laws-and-money-how-strangers-learned-to-trust-each-other/18/