Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies, sentence 18
In 1856 the Australian colonies of Victoria and South Australia began using secret printed ballots, so voters could not be bullied or bribed; many countries copied this «Australian ballot».
Who acts: Australian colonies, many countries · What happens: begin, use, print, not bully, bribe, copy · To what, where: 1856, secret printed ballots, voters, Australian ballot
This is a sentence of the lesson «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Australian colonies, many countries), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 2 1856 | case |
| 2 | 1856 | 1856 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 11 began | obl |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 colonies | det |
| 4 | Australian | Australian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 colonies | amod |
| 5 | colonies | colony | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 began | nsubj |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 Victoria | case |
| 7 | Victoria | Victoria | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 colonies | nmod |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 Australia | cc |
| 9 | South | South | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 Australia | compound |
| 10 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 Victoria | conj |
| 11 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 12 | using | use | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 11 began | xcomp |
| 13 | secret | secret | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 ballots | amod |
| 14 | printed | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 ballots | amod | |
| 15 | ballots | ballot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 using | obj |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 bullied | punct |
| 17 | so | so | SCONJ | _ | 22 bullied | mark |
| 18 | voters | voter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 bullied | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 22 bullied | aux |
| 20 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 22 bullied | advmod |
| 21 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 22 bullied | aux:pass |
| 22 | bullied | bully | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 using | advcl |
| 23 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 24 bribed | cc |
| 24 | bribed | bribe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 bullied | conj |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 countries | punct |
| 26 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 countries | amod |
| 27 | countries | country | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 began | parataxis |
| 28 | copied | copy | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 countries | acl |
| 29 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 32 ballot | det |
| 30 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 32 ballot | punct |
| 31 | Australian | Australian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 ballot | amod |
| 32 | ballot | ballot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 copied | obj |
| 33 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 32 ballot | punct |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 11 began | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | begin | past | the Australian colonies of Victoria and South Australia | 1856 | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 2 | use | gerund | the Australian colonies of Victoria and South Australia not said here | secret printed ballots | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ballot=Patient | ||||
| 3 | participle | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||||
| 4 | not bully | could · passive | voters | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary | |||||
| 5 | bribe | participle | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | copy | past | many countries not said here | this Australian ballot | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ballot=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:067-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/18/