Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age and of today, sentence 9

About a billion people live in informal settlements, often called slums, mostly because cities grow faster than proper homes, pipes and roads can be built.

Who acts: billion people, cities · What happens: live, call, grow, build · To what, where: slums, informal settlements, proper homes · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age and of today» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (billion people, cities), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	About	about	ADV	_	3 billion	advmod
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 billion	det
3	billion	billion	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 people	nummod
4	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 live	nsubj
5	live	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 settlements	case
7	informal	informal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 settlements	amod
8	settlements	settlement	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 live	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 slums	punct
10	often	often	ADV	_	11 called	advmod
11	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 slums	acl
12	slums	slum	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 live	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 grow	punct
14	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	17 grow	advmod
15	because	because	SCONJ	_	17 grow	mark
16	cities	city	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 grow	nsubj
17	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 live	advcl
18	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	17 grow	advmod
19	than	than	ADP	_	21 homes	case
20	proper	proper	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 homes	amod
21	homes	home	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 built	nsubj:pass
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 homes	punct
23	pipes	pipe	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 homes	conj
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 roads	cc
25	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 homes	conj
26	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	28 built	aux
27	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	28 built	aux:pass
28	built	build	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 grow	conj
29	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 live	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	live	present	billion people	slums	informal settlements		vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in settlement=Location
2	call	participle		slums not said here		often property	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	grow	present	cities			fast, mostly property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	build	can · passive		proper homes and pipes and roads			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/74-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today/9/