How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet, sentence 11
The rebus trick uses a picture for its sound: a bee and a leaf can spell «belief».
Who acts: rebus trick, bee · What happens: use, spell · To what, where: picture, belief
This is a sentence of the lesson «How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rebus trick, bee), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 trick | det |
| 2 | rebus | rebus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 trick | compound |
| 3 | trick | trick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 uses | nsubj |
| 4 | uses | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 picture | det |
| 6 | picture | picture | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 uses | obj |
| 7 | for | for | ADP | _ | 9 sound | case |
| 8 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 9 sound | nmod:poss |
| 9 | sound | sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 picture | nmod |
| 10 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 17 spell | punct |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 bee | det |
| 12 | bee | bee | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 spell | nsubj |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 leaf | cc |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 leaf | det |
| 15 | leaf | leaf | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 bee | conj |
| 16 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 17 spell | aux |
| 17 | spell | spell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 uses | parataxis |
| 18 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 19 belief | punct |
| 19 | belief | belief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 spell | obj |
| 20 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 19 belief | punct |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 uses | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present | the rebus trick | a picture | for trick's sound | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent picture=Theme for sound=Eventuality | |||
| 2 | spell | can | a bee and a leaf | belief | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent belief=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:082-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/11/