Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 16

Colonel is said "kernel": it was first said from French "coronel" with an r, and the spelling was later changed to look like Italian "colonnello".

What happens: say, change, look · To what, where: Colonel, French coronel, spelling · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Colonel	colonel	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 said	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 said	aux:pass
3	said	say	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 kernel	punct
5	kernel	kernel	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 said	xcomp
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 kernel	punct
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	11 said	punct
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 said	nsubj:pass
9	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 said	aux:pass
10	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	11 said	advmod
11	said	say	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 said	conj
12	from	from	ADP	_	15 coronel	case
13	French	French	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 coronel	amod
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	15 coronel	punct
15	coronel	coronel	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 said	obl
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	15 coronel	punct
17	with	with	ADP	_	19 r	case
18	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 r	det
19	r	r	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 coronel	nmod
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 changed	punct
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 changed	cc
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 spelling	det
23	spelling	spelling	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 changed	nsubj
24	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	26 changed	aux:pass
25	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	26 changed	advmod
26	changed	change	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 said	conj
27	to	to	PART	_	28 look	mark
28	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	26 changed	advcl
29	like	like	ADP	_	32 colonnello	case
30	Italian	Italian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 colonnello	amod
31	"	"	PUNCT	_	32 colonnello	punct
32	colonnello	colonnello	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 look	obl
33	"	"	PUNCT	_	32 colonnello	punct
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 said	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present · passive	Colonel			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic
2	say speech: assert	past · passive	Colonel	French coronel with a r	first property	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic
3	change	past · passive	the spelling		late property	vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
4	look	to-infinitive			like Italian colonnello	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/16/