Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 6

Middle English is English from about 1100 to 1500; in it the k in knight was said, and gh was a throaty sound like the ch in Scottish "loch".

Who acts: Middle English, gh · What happens: be, say · To what, where: English, 1100, k, letter, throaty sound · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Middle English, gh), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Middle	Middle	PROPN	_	2 English	compound
2	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 English	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 English	cop
4	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 1100	case
6	about	about	ADV	_	7 1100	advmod
7	1100	1100	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 English	obl
8	to	to	ADP	_	9 1500	case
9	1500	1500	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	7 1100	nmod
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	4 English	punct
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 it	case
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 said	obl
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 k	det
14	k	k	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 said	nsubj:pass
15	in	in	ADP	_	16 knight	case
16	knight	knight	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 k	nmod
17	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	18 said	aux:pass
18	said	say	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	25 sound	advcl
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	25 sound	punct
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 sound	cc
21	gh	gh	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 sound	nsubj
22	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	25 sound	cop
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	25 sound	det
24	throaty	throaty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 sound	amod
25	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 English	conj
26	like	like	ADP	_	28 ch	case
27	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	28 ch	det
28	ch	ch	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 sound	nmod
29	in	in	ADP	_	32 loch	case
30	Scottish	Scottish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 loch	amod
31	"	"	PUNCT	_	32 loch	punct
32	loch	loch	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 ch	nmod
33	"	"	PUNCT	_	32 loch	punct
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 English	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Middle English	English and a throaty sound	1100 to 1500		tree rules
2	say speech: assert	past · passive		the k in knight	letter		vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: subject=Theme in it=Manner
3	is a	past	gh	a throaty sound		like the ch in Scottish loch	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:6.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/6/