How babies learn to talk, sentence 14

Using one word for too many things, like calling a horse "dog", is called overextension; it is normal, and children learn the differences over time.

Who acts: word, children · What happens: use, call, be, learn · To what, where: one word, horse, overextension, differences · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (word, children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	18 called	advcl
2	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	3 word	nummod
3	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Using	obj
4	for	for	ADP	_	7 things	case
5	too	too	ADV	_	6 many	advmod
6	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 things	amod
7	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Using	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 calling	punct
9	like	like	SCONJ	_	10 calling	mark
10	calling	call	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 Using	advcl
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 horse	det
12	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 calling	obj
13	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 dog	punct
14	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 horse	appos
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 dog	punct
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Using	punct
17	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 called	aux:pass
18	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
19	overextension	overextension	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 called	xcomp
20	;	;	PUNCT	_	23 normal	punct
21	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	23 normal	nsubj
22	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	23 normal	cop
23	normal	normal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 called	parataxis
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 learn	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 learn	cc
26	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 learn	nsubj
27	learn	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 called	conj
28	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	29 differences	det
29	differences	difference	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 learn	obj
30	over	over	ADP	_	31 time	case
31	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 learn	obl
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	18 called	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	when	other	roles by
1	use	gerund		one word			for many things	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent word=Theme for thing=Eventuality
2	call	gerund			a horse			vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent horse=Recipient
3	call speech: assert	present · passive		overextension				vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»
4	is	present	word				normal property	tree rules
5	learn	present	children	the differences		time		vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difference=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/14/