Words that changed their meaning, sentence 0
Words are not frozen: over hundreds of years their meanings drift, like boats slowly carried along by a river, so an old book can use a word you know in a way that surprises you.
Who acts: meanings, old book, you, way, Words · What happens: not freeze, drift, carry, use, know, surprise · To what, where: Words, hundreds, boats, word, way, you
This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (meanings, old book, you, way), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 frozen | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 frozen | aux:pass |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 4 frozen | advmod |
| 4 | frozen | freeze | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 4 frozen | punct |
| 6 | over | over | ADP | _ | 7 hundreds | case |
| 7 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 drift | obl |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 years | case |
| 9 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 hundreds | nmod |
| 10 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 meanings | nmod:poss |
| 11 | meanings | meaning | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 drift | nsubj |
| 12 | drift | drift | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 frozen | parataxis |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 drift | punct |
| 14 | like | like | ADP | _ | 15 boats | case |
| 15 | boats | boat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 drift | obl |
| 16 | slowly | slowly | ADV | _ | 17 carried | advmod |
| 17 | carried | carry | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 boats | acl |
| 18 | along | along | ADV | _ | 17 carried | advmod |
| 19 | by | by | ADP | _ | 21 river | case |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 river | det |
| 21 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 carried | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 use | punct |
| 23 | so | so | ADV | _ | 28 use | advmod |
| 24 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 book | det |
| 25 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 book | amod |
| 26 | book | book | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 use | nsubj |
| 27 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 28 use | aux |
| 28 | use | use | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 frozen | parataxis |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 word | det |
| 30 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 use | obj |
| 31 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 32 know | nsubj |
| 32 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 word | acl:relcl |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 35 way | case |
| 34 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 way | det |
| 35 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 use | obl |
| 36 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 37 surprises | nsubj |
| 37 | surprises | surprise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 35 way | acl:relcl |
| 38 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 37 surprises | obj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 frozen | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not freeze | present · passive | Words | vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result | |||||
| 2 | drift | present | Words's meanings | hundreds of years | like boats | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over hundred=Trajectory | |||
| 3 | carry | participle | boats not said here | by a river; along, slowly property | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | use | can | a old book | a word | a way | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient | |||
| 5 | know | present | you | a word not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer word=Stimulus | ||||
| 6 | surprise | present | a way | you | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus you=Experiencer | ||||
| 7 | mean | Words = word | nom meaning «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/0/