Words that changed their meaning, sentence 16

In the 1500s "bully" meant darling or sweetheart, probably from a Dutch word; it later meant a fine fellow, then a show-off, and then someone who hurts weaker people.

Who acts: bully · What happens: mean, hurt · To what, where: darling, fine fellow, weaker people

This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bully), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 1500s	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 1500s	det
3	1500s	1500	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 meant	obl
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 bully	punct
5	bully	bully	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 meant	nsubj
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 bully	punct
7	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	darling	darling	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 meant	obj
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 sweetheart	cc
10	sweetheart	sweetheart	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 darling	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 word	punct
12	probably	probably	ADV	_	16 word	advmod
13	from	from	ADP	_	16 word	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 word	det
15	Dutch	dutch	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 word	amod
16	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 meant	obl
17	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 meant	punct
18	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	20 meant	nsubj
19	later	later	ADV	_	20 meant	advmod
20	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 meant	parataxis
21	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	23 fellow	det
22	fine	fine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 fellow	amod
23	fellow	fellow	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 meant	obj
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 off	punct
25	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	29 off	advmod
26	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	29 off	det
27	show	show	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 off	compound
28	-	-	PUNCT	_	29 off	punct
29	off	off	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 fellow	conj
30	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 someone	punct
31	and	and	CCONJ	_	33 someone	cc
32	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	33 someone	advmod
33	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	23 fellow	conj
34	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	35 hurts	nsubj
35	hurts	hurt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	33 someone	acl:relcl
36	weaker	weak	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	37 people	amod
37	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 hurts	obj
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 meant	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	mean	past	bully	darling or sweetheart	from a Dutch word; in the 1500s	vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot darling=Theme in 1500=Attribute
2	mean	past	bully	a fine fellow and a show off	later property	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fellow=Topic
3	hurt	present		weaker people		vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer people=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/16/