The big language quiz, sentence 3
Languages keep changing, borrowing and playing, so the best language skill is curiosity: notice odd words, ask what they mean and enjoy how people talk.
Who acts: Languages, best language skill, language, people · What happens: keep, change, borrow, play, be, notice · To what, where: curiosity, odd words · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «The big language quiz» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Languages, best language skill, language, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 keep | nsubj |
| 2 | keep | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | changing | change | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 keep | xcomp |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 borrowing | punct |
| 5 | borrowing | borrow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 changing | conj |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 playing | cc |
| 7 | playing | play | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 changing | conj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 curiosity | punct |
| 9 | so | so | ADV | _ | 15 curiosity | advmod |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 skill | det |
| 11 | best | good | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 13 skill | amod |
| 12 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 skill | compound |
| 13 | skill | skill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 curiosity | nsubj |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 curiosity | cop |
| 15 | curiosity | curiosity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 keep | conj |
| 16 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 17 notice | punct |
| 17 | notice | notice | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 15 curiosity | parataxis |
| 18 | odd | odd | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 words | amod |
| 19 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 notice | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 ask | punct |
| 21 | ask | ask | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 17 notice | conj |
| 22 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 24 mean | obj |
| 23 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 mean | nsubj |
| 24 | mean | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 ask | ccomp |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 enjoy | cc |
| 26 | enjoy | enjoy | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 21 ask | conj |
| 27 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 29 talk | advmod |
| 28 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 talk | nsubj |
| 29 | talk | talk | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 enjoy | advcl |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 keep | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | keep | present | Languages | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | change | gerund | Languages not said here | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | borrow | gerund | Languages not said here | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | play | gerund | Languages not said here | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | is a | present | the best language skill | curiosity | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | notice | infinitive | odd words | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer word=Stimulus | |||||
| 7 | ask speech: ask | infinitive | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 8 | mean | present | language | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic | |||||
| 9 | enjoy | infinitive | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 10 | talk | present | people | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:040-the-big-language-quiz.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/40-the-big-language-quiz/3/