Sarcasm, hyperbole and understatement side by side, sentence 4
To tell them apart, put the words next to the facts and ask: is it the opposite of the truth (sarcasm), bigger than the truth (hyperbole) or smaller than the truth (understatement)?
Who acts: you, bit · What happens: tell, put, ask, be · To what, where: kinds, words, opposite · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Sarcasm, hyperbole and understatement side by side» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, bit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | To | to | PART | _ | 2 tell | mark |
| 2 | tell | tell | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 6 put | advcl |
| 3 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 tell | iobj |
| 4 | apart | apart | ADV | _ | 2 tell | advmod |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 put | punct |
| 6 | put | put | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 words | det |
| 8 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 put | obj |
| 9 | next | next | ADV | _ | 6 put | advmod |
| 10 | to | to | ADP | _ | 12 facts | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 facts | det |
| 12 | facts | fact | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 next | obl |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 ask | cc |
| 14 | ask | ask | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 6 put | conj |
| 15 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 14 ask | punct |
| 16 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 opposite | cop |
| 17 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 opposite | nsubj |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 opposite | det |
| 19 | opposite | opposite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 ask | ccomp |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 truth | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 truth | det |
| 22 | truth | truth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 opposite | nmod |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 24 sarcasm | punct |
| 24 | sarcasm | sarcasm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 truth | appos |
| 25 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 24 sarcasm | punct |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 bigger | punct |
| 27 | bigger | big | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 19 opposite | conj |
| 28 | than | than | ADP | _ | 30 truth | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 truth | det |
| 30 | truth | truth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 bigger | obl |
| 31 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 32 hyperbole | punct |
| 32 | hyperbole | hyperbole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 truth | appos |
| 33 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 32 hyperbole | punct |
| 34 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 35 smaller | cc |
| 35 | smaller | small | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 27 bigger | conj |
| 36 | than | than | ADP | _ | 38 truth | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 truth | det |
| 38 | truth | truth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 smaller | obl |
| 39 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 40 understatement | punct |
| 40 | understatement | understatement | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 truth | appos |
| 41 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 40 understatement | punct |
| 42 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 6 put | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- command
- act
- request
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed form=imp, act=request
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tell speech: assert | to-infinitive | you not said here | kinds = kind | apart property | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient | |||
| 2 | put | imperative | you not said here | the words | next property | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent word=Goal | |||
| 3 | ask speech: ask | infinitive | you not said here | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | is a | present | bit | the opposite | of the truth | tree rules | |||
| 5 | be | bit not said here | than the truth | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:052-sarcasm-hyperbole-and-understatement-side-by-side.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/52-sarcasm-hyperbole-and-understatement-side-by-side/4/