Ancient times and famous stories, sentence 7
Many gladiators were expensive trained fighters, and many fights did not end in death; nobody knows exactly which thumb signal the Romans used, and "thumbs down means kill" was made famous by a painting from 1872.
Who acts: many fights, nobody, Romans, thumbs, painting · What happens: train, not end, know, use, mean, make · To what, where: Many gladiators, death, thumb signal, kill · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Ancient times and famous stories» of the myths course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many fights, nobody, Romans, thumbs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 gladiators | amod |
| 2 | gladiators | gladiator | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 trained | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 trained | aux:pass |
| 4 | expensive | expensive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 fighters | amod |
| 5 | trained | train | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | fighters | fighter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 trained | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 end | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 end | cc |
| 9 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 fights | amod |
| 10 | fights | fight | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 end | nsubj |
| 11 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 end | aux |
| 12 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 13 end | advmod |
| 13 | end | end | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 trained | conj |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 death | case |
| 15 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 end | obl |
| 16 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 18 knows | punct |
| 17 | nobody | nobody | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 18 knows | nsubj |
| 18 | knows | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 trained | conj |
| 19 | exactly | exactly | ADV | _ | 22 signal | advmod |
| 20 | which | which | DET | PronType=Int | 22 signal | det |
| 21 | thumb | thumb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 signal | compound |
| 22 | signal | signal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 used | obj |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 Romans | det |
| 24 | Romans | Roman | PROPN | Number=Plur | 25 used | nsubj |
| 25 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 knows | ccomp |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 made | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 made | cc |
| 28 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 29 thumbs | punct |
| 29 | thumbs | thumb | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 means | nsubj |
| 30 | down | down | ADV | _ | 31 means | advmod |
| 31 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 35 made | csubj:pass |
| 32 | kill | kill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 means | obj |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 kill | punct |
| 34 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 made | aux:pass |
| 35 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 knows | conj |
| 36 | famous | famous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 made | xcomp |
| 37 | by | by | ADP | _ | 39 painting | case |
| 38 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 39 painting | det |
| 39 | painting | painting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 made | obl |
| 40 | from | from | ADP | _ | 41 1872 | case |
| 41 | 1872 | 1872 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 39 painting | nmod |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 fighters | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | train | past · passive | Many gladiators | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | not end | past · do-support | many fights | death | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | know | present | nobody | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 4 | use | past | the Romans | which thumb signal | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent signal=Patient | ||||
| 5 | mean in a quote | present | thumbs | kill | down property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kill=Topic | |||
| 6 | make | past · passive | a painting from 1872 | famous property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:myths:021-ancient-times-and-famous-stories.lesson:7.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/21-ancient-times-and-famous-stories/7/