Why things fall: the apple and the pull of the Earth, sentence 18
A raindrop speeds up until the push of the air equals its weight, and then it falls at a steady speed, so it does not hurt; without air, a drop from a high cloud would arrive faster than a racing car.
Who acts: raindrop, push, drop, air · What happens: speed up, equal, fall, not hurt, arrive, push · To what, where: weight, steady speed
This is a sentence of the lesson «Why things fall: the apple and the pull of the Earth» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (raindrop, push, drop, air), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 raindrop | det |
| 2 | raindrop | raindrop | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 speeds | nsubj |
| 3 | speeds | speed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | up | up | ADP | _ | 3 speeds | compound:prt |
| 5 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 11 equals | mark |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 push | det |
| 7 | push | push | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 equals | nsubj |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 air | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 air | det |
| 10 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 push | nmod |
| 11 | equals | equal | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 speeds | advcl |
| 12 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 weight | nmod:poss |
| 13 | weight | weight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 equals | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 falls | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 falls | cc |
| 16 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 18 falls | advmod |
| 17 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 falls | nsubj |
| 18 | falls | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 speeds | conj |
| 19 | at | at | ADP | _ | 22 speed | case |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 speed | det |
| 21 | steady | steady | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 speed | amod |
| 22 | speed | speed | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 falls | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 hurt | punct |
| 24 | so | so | ADV | _ | 28 hurt | advmod |
| 25 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 hurt | nsubj |
| 26 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 hurt | aux |
| 27 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 28 hurt | advmod |
| 28 | hurt | hurt | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 speeds | conj |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 air | punct |
| 30 | without | without | ADP | _ | 31 air | case |
| 31 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 arrive | obl |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 drop | punct |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 drop | det |
| 34 | drop | drop | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 arrive | nsubj |
| 35 | from | from | ADP | _ | 38 cloud | case |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 cloud | det |
| 37 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 cloud | amod |
| 38 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 drop | nmod |
| 39 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 40 arrive | aux |
| 40 | arrive | arrive | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 speeds | parataxis |
| 41 | faster | fast | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 40 arrive | xcomp |
| 42 | than | than | ADP | _ | 45 car | case |
| 43 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 45 car | det |
| 44 | racing | racing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 car | compound |
| 45 | car | car | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 faster | obl |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 speeds | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | speed up | present | a raindrop | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | equal | present | the push of the air | push's weight | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | fall | present | raindrop | a steady speed | then | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme at speed=Location | |||
| 4 | not hurt | present · do-support | raindrop | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP-PRO-ARB»: agent=Stimulus | |||||
| 5 | arrive | would | a drop from a high cloud | without air; fast property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | push | the air | nom push «act intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:physics:001-why-things-fall.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/1-why-things-fall/18/