Taiwan, China and the word «tensions», sentence 14
News reports said China's army held large exercises around Taiwan several times, including in 2022, 2024 and 2025; China called them a warning against Taiwan breaking away, and Taiwan called them threatening.
Who acts: News reports, army, several times, China, warning, Taiwan · What happens: say, hold, include, call, break away, threaten · To what, where: large exercises, Taiwan, 2022, exercises, China · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Taiwan, China and the word «tensions»» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (News reports, army, several times, China), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | News | news | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 reports | compound |
| 2 | reports | report | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 said | nsubj |
| 3 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 army | nmod:poss |
| 5 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 4 China | case |
| 6 | army | army | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 held | nsubj |
| 7 | held | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 said | ccomp |
| 8 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 exercises | amod |
| 9 | exercises | exercise | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 held | obj |
| 10 | around | around | ADP | _ | 11 Taiwan | case |
| 11 | Taiwan | Taiwan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 exercises | nmod |
| 12 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 times | amod |
| 13 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 held | obl:unmarked |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 called | punct |
| 15 | including | include | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 13 times | acl |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 2022 | case |
| 17 | 2022 | 2022 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 15 including | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 2024 | punct |
| 19 | 2024 | 2024 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 17 2022 | flat |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 2025 | cc |
| 21 | 2025 | 2025 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 17 2022 | conj |
| 22 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 17 2022 | punct |
| 23 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 called | nsubj |
| 24 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 held | conj |
| 25 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 called | obj |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 warning | det |
| 27 | warning | warning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 called | xcomp |
| 28 | against | against | ADP | _ | 29 Taiwan | case |
| 29 | Taiwan | Taiwan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 warning | nmod |
| 30 | breaking | break | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 27 warning | acl |
| 31 | away | away | ADV | _ | 30 breaking | advmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 called | punct |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 called | cc |
| 34 | Taiwan | Taiwan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 called | nsubj |
| 35 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 called | conj |
| 36 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 called | obj |
| 37 | threatening | threaten | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 35 called | xcomp |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 said | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | News reports | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | hold | past | China's army | large exercises | Taiwan | time | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent exercise=Theme around taiwan=Location | ||
| 3 | include | gerund | several times not said here | in 2022 goal | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent in 2022=Goal | ||||
| 4 | call | past | China | exercises = exercise | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient | ||||
| 5 | break away | gerund | a warning against Taiwan not said here | away property | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 6 | call | past | Taiwan | China | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | threaten | gerund | Taiwan not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:politics:029-taiwan-china-and-the-word-tensions.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/29-taiwan-china-and-the-word-tensions/14/