Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes, sentence 14

People pay smugglers to cross the English Channel in small, unsafe boats, and some have drowned; governments argue about how to stop the crossings and how to treat those who arrive.

Who acts: People, some, governments · What happens: pay, cross, drown, argue, stop, treat · To what, where: smugglers, English, crossings, those · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, some, governments), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	People	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 pay	nsubj
2	pay	pay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	smugglers	smuggler	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 pay	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 cross	mark
5	cross	cross	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 pay	advcl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 Channel	det
7	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 cross	obj
8	Channel	Channel	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 English	flat
9	in	in	ADP	_	13 boats	case
10	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 boats	amod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 boats	punct
12	unsafe	unsafe	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 boats	amod
13	boats	boat	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cross	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 drowned	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 drowned	cc
16	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	18 drowned	nsubj
17	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 drowned	aux
18	drowned	drown	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	2 pay	conj
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	21 argue	punct
20	governments	government	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 argue	nsubj
21	argue	argue	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 pay	parataxis
22	about	about	SCONJ	_	25 stop	mark
23	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	25 stop	advmod
24	to	to	PART	_	25 stop	mark
25	stop	stop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	21 argue	ccomp
26	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	27 crossings	det
27	crossings	crossing	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 stop	obj
28	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 treat	cc
29	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	31 treat	advmod
30	to	to	PART	_	31 treat	mark
31	treat	treat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	25 stop	conj
32	those	that	PRON	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	31 treat	obj
33	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	34 arrive	nsubj
34	arrive	arrive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	32 those	acl:relcl
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 pay	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed act=assert

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	pay	present	People	smugglers		vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smuggler=Asset
2	cross	to-infinitive	People not said here	English	in small unsafe boats	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent english=Patient in boat=Topic
3	drown	present · perfect	some			vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4	argue speech: disagree	present	governments			vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	stop	to-infinitive		the crossings		vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality crossing=Eventuality
6	treat	to-infinitive		those		vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent that=Recipient
7	arrive	present				vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:politics:030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/14/