Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes, sentence 20

News reports said that in 2025 the US cut much of its foreign aid and the UK reduced its aid to spend more on defence; aid groups warned that programmes would close, and governments said the money was needed at home or for security.

Who acts: News reports, US, UK, aid groups, programmes, governments · What happens: say, cut, reduce, spend, warn, close · To what, where: much, 2025, aid, more, money, home · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (News reports, US, UK, aid groups), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	News	news	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 reports	compound
2	reports	report	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 said	nsubj
3	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	9 cut	mark
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 2025	case
6	2025	2025	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	9 cut	obl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 US	det
8	US	US	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 cut	nsubj
9	cut	cut	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 said	ccomp
10	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 cut	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 aid	case
12	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 aid	nmod:poss
13	foreign	foreign	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 aid	amod
14	aid	aid	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 much	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 reduced	cc
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 UK	det
17	UK	UK	PROPN	Number=Sing	18 reduced	nsubj
18	reduced	reduce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 cut	conj
19	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	20 aid	nmod:poss
20	aid	aid	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 reduced	obj
21	to	to	PART	_	22 spend	mark
22	spend	spend	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	18 reduced	xcomp
23	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	22 spend	obj
24	on	on	ADP	_	25 defence	case
25	defence	defence	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 more	obl
26	;	;	PUNCT	_	29 warned	punct
27	aid	aid	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 groups	compound
28	groups	group	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 warned	nsubj
29	warned	warn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 said	parataxis
30	that	that	SCONJ	_	33 close	mark
31	programmes	programme	NOUN	Number=Plur	33 close	nsubj
32	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	33 close	aux
33	close	close	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	29 warned	ccomp
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	37 said	punct
35	and	and	CCONJ	_	37 said	cc
36	governments	government	NOUN	Number=Plur	37 said	nsubj
37	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 said	conj
38	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	39 money	det
39	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 needed	nsubj:pass
40	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	41 needed	aux:pass
41	needed	need	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	37 said	ccomp
42	at	at	ADP	_	43 home	case
43	home	home	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 needed	obl
44	or	or	CCONJ	_	46 security	cc
45	for	for	ADP	_	46 security	case
46	security	security	NOUN	Number=Sing	43 home	conj
47	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 said	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	say speech: assert	past	News reports			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	cut	past	the US	much	2025	vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Product
3	reduce	past	the UK	crisis's aid		vn limit-76 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Causer aid=Patient clause=Goal
4	spend	to-infinitive	the UK not said here	more		vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Asset
5	warn speech: warn	past	aid groups			vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
6	close	would	programmes			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
7	say speech: assert	past	governments			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
8	need	past · passive		the money	home or security	vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:politics:030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson:20.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/20/