Galaxies and the Big Bang, sentence 16

Galaxies spin so fast that their visible stars and gas cannot hold them together, so astronomers think they contain invisible dark matter, about five times as much as ordinary matter.

Who acts: Galaxies, visible stars, astronomers · What happens: spin, not hold, think, contain · To what, where: galaxies, invisible dark matter · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Galaxies, visible stars, astronomers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Galaxies	galaxy	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 spin	nsubj
2	spin	spin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	so	so	ADV	_	4 fast	advmod
4	fast	fast	ADV	_	2 spin	advmod
5	that	that	SCONJ	_	13 hold	mark
6	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 stars	nmod:poss
7	visible	visible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 stars	amod
8	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 hold	nsubj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 gas	cc
10	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 stars	conj
11	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 hold	aux
12	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 hold	advmod
13	hold	hold	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 spin	ccomp
14	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 hold	obj
15	together	together	ADV	_	13 hold	advmod
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 think	punct
17	so	so	ADV	_	19 think	advmod
18	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 think	nsubj
19	think	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 spin	parataxis
20	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 contain	nsubj
21	contain	contain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 think	ccomp
22	invisible	invisible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 matter	amod
23	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 matter	amod
24	matter	matter	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 contain	obj
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 times	punct
26	about	about	ADV	_	27 five	advmod
27	five	five	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	28 times	nummod
28	times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 matter	conj
29	as	as	ADV	_	30 much	advmod
30	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 matter	acl
31	as	as	ADP	_	33 matter	case
32	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 matter	amod
33	matter	matter	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 much	nmod
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 spin	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	spin	present	Galaxies		fast property	tree rules
2	not hold	can	galaxies's visible stars and gas	galaxies = galaxy	together property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
3	think speech: other	present	astronomers			vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
4	contain	present	galaxies = galaxy	invisible dark matter and five times		vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot matter=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:space:024-galaxies-and-the-big-bang.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/16/