How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 0
Nobody has flown to a star with a tape measure, yet we know how far stars are and what they are made of: astronomers are detectives who read clues in light.
Who acts: Nobody, we, stars, astronomers, detectives · What happens: fly, know, be, make, read · To what, where: they, detectives, clues, light · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nobody, we, stars, astronomers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nobody | nobody | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 3 flown | nsubj |
| 2 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 flown | aux |
| 3 | flown | fly | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | ADP | _ | 6 star | case |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 star | det |
| 6 | star | star | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 flown | obl |
| 7 | with | with | ADP | _ | 10 measure | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 measure | det |
| 9 | tape | tape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 measure | compound |
| 10 | measure | measure | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 flown | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 know | punct |
| 12 | yet | yet | CCONJ | _ | 14 know | cc |
| 13 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 14 know | nsubj |
| 14 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 flown | conj |
| 15 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 16 far | advmod |
| 16 | far | far | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 know | ccomp |
| 17 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 far | nsubj |
| 18 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 far | cop |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 what | cc |
| 20 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 16 far | conj |
| 21 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 made | nsubj |
| 22 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 made | aux:pass |
| 23 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 what | acl:relcl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 made | obl |
| 25 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 28 detectives | punct |
| 26 | astronomers | astronomer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 detectives | nsubj |
| 27 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 detectives | cop |
| 28 | detectives | detective | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 flown | parataxis |
| 29 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 30 read | nsubj |
| 30 | read | read | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 detectives | acl:relcl |
| 31 | clues | clue | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 read | obj |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 light | case |
| 33 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 read | obl |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 flown | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fly | present · perfect | Nobody | to a star result; with a tape measure | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to star=Result | ||||
| 2 | know | present | we | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 3 | is | present | stars | far property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | make | present · passive | they | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | |||||
| 5 | is a | present | astronomers | detectives | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | read | present | detectives | clues | light | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clue=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/0/