Bridges and skyscrapers, sentence 15

Bridges grow longer in heat and shorter in cold, and expansion joints, metal teeth or gaps, let them move, since without them a bridge swelling in the heat would push hard against its ends and could crack or buckle; long bridges can change length by tens of centimetres between winter and summer.

Who acts: Bridges, expansion joints, bridge, long bridges · What happens: grow, let, move, swell, push, crack · To what, where: heat, bridge, length

This is a sentence of the lesson «Bridges and skyscrapers» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bridges, expansion joints, bridge, long bridges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bridges	bridge	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 grow	nsubj
2	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	longer	long	ADV	Degree=Cmp	2 grow	advmod
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 heat	case
5	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 grow	obl
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 shorter	cc
7	shorter	short	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 longer	conj
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 cold	case
9	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 shorter	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 joints	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 let	cc
12	expansion	expansion	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 joints	compound
13	joints	joint	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 let	nsubj
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 teeth	punct
15	metal	metal	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 teeth	compound
16	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 joints	conj
17	or	or	CCONJ	_	18 gaps	cc
18	gaps	gap	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 joints	conj
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 let	punct
20	let	let	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	2 grow	conj
21	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	20 let	obj
22	move	move	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 let	xcomp
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	34 push	punct
24	since	since	SCONJ	_	34 push	mark
25	without	without	ADP	_	26 them	case
26	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	34 push	obl
27	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	28 bridge	det
28	bridge	bridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 push	nsubj
29	swelling	swell	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	28 bridge	acl
30	in	in	ADP	_	32 heat	case
31	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	32 heat	det
32	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 swelling	obl
33	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	34 push	aux
34	push	push	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 let	advcl
35	hard	hard	ADV	Degree=Pos	34 push	advmod
36	against	against	ADP	_	38 ends	case
37	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	38 ends	nmod:poss
38	ends	end	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 push	obl
39	and	and	CCONJ	_	41 crack	cc
40	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	41 crack	aux
41	crack	crack	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	34 push	conj
42	or	or	CCONJ	_	43 buckle	cc
43	buckle	buckle	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	41 crack	conj
44	;	;	PUNCT	_	48 change	punct
45	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	46 bridges	amod
46	bridges	bridge	NOUN	Number=Plur	48 change	nsubj
47	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	48 change	aux
48	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 grow	parataxis
49	length	length	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 change	obj
50	by	by	ADP	_	51 tens	case
51	tens	ten	NOUN	Number=Plur	48 change	obl
52	of	of	ADP	_	53 centimetres	case
53	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	Number=Plur	51 tens	nmod
54	between	between	ADP	_	55 winter	case
55	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 change	obl
56	and	and	CCONJ	_	57 summer	cc
57	summer	summer	NOUN	Number=Sing	55 winter	conj
58	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 grow	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	present	Bridges		heat		long property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in heat=Location
2	let	infinitive	expansion joints and metal teeth or gaps	bridge				tree rules
3	move	infinitive	bridge not said here					vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
4	swell	gerund	a bridge not said here				in the heat	vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in heat=Attribute
5	push	would	a bridge			against heat's ends	without joints = joint; hard property	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent against end=Theme
6	crack	could	a bridge not said here					vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
7	buckle	infinitive	a bridge not said here					vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
8	change	can	long bridges	length		winter	by tens of centimetres	vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent length=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:030-bridges-and-skyscrapers.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/30-bridges-and-skyscrapers/15/