Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses, sentence 5
Candle clocks had hour marks down the side; the story says King Alfred of England used candles that each burned 4 hours, kept in a lantern so draughts couldn't make them burn faster.
Who acts: Candle clocks, story, candles, draughts, candle · What happens: have, say, use, burn, keep, not make · To what, where: hour marks, candles, lantern, candle · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Candle clocks, story, candles, draughts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Candle | candle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 clocks | compound |
| 2 | clocks | clock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 had | nsubj |
| 3 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | hour | hour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 marks | compound |
| 5 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 had | obj |
| 6 | down | down | ADP | _ | 8 side | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 side | det |
| 8 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 had | obl |
| 9 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 12 says | punct |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 story | det |
| 11 | story | story | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 says | nsubj |
| 12 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 had | parataxis |
| 13 | King | King | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 Alfred | compound |
| 14 | Alfred | Alfred | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 used | compound |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 England | case |
| 16 | England | England | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 Alfred | nmod |
| 17 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 says | ccomp |
| 18 | candles | candle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 used | obj |
| 19 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 21 burned | nsubj |
| 20 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 21 burned | nsubj |
| 21 | burned | burn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 candles | acl:relcl |
| 22 | 4 | 4 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 23 hours | nummod |
| 23 | hours | hour | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 burned | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 kept | punct |
| 25 | kept | keep | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 candles | acl |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 lantern | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 lantern | det |
| 28 | lantern | lantern | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 kept | obl |
| 29 | so | so | SCONJ | _ | 33 make | mark |
| 30 | draughts | draught | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 make | nsubj |
| 31 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 33 make | aux |
| 32 | n't | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 33 make | advmod |
| 33 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 25 kept | advcl |
| 34 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 make | obj |
| 35 | burn | burn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 make | xcomp |
| 36 | faster | fast | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 35 burn | advmod |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 had | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | Candle clocks | hour marks | down the side | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mark=Patient | |||
| 2 | say speech: assert | present | the story | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | use | past | candles | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent candle=Patient | |||||
| 4 | burn | past | candles | hour | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | keep | participle | candles not said here | a lantern | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in lantern=Location | ||||
| 6 | not make | could | draughts | candle | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | not burn | infinitive | candle not said here | fast property | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/122-clocks-before-clocks/5/