Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands, sentence 5
The last cold period ended about 11,700 years ago; at its peak, ice up to 3 kilometres thick covered Canada and northern Europe, and so much water was locked in ice that the sea was about 120 metres lower than today.
Who acts: last cold period, ice, Canada, sea · What happens: ended, cover, lock, be · To what, where: Canada, much water, ice
This is a sentence of the lesson «Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (last cold period, ice, Canada, sea), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 period | det |
| 2 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 period | amod |
| 3 | cold | cold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 period | amod |
| 4 | period | period | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 ended | nsubj |
| 5 | ended | ended | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | about | about | ADV | _ | 7 11,700 | advmod |
| 7 | 11,700 | 11,700 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 8 years | nummod |
| 8 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 9 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 5 ended | advmod |
| 10 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 ice | punct |
| 11 | at | at | ADP | _ | 13 peak | case |
| 12 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 peak | nmod:poss |
| 13 | peak | peak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 ice | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 peak | punct |
| 15 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 covered | nsubj |
| 16 | up | up | ADV | _ | 19 kilometres | advmod |
| 17 | to | to | ADP | _ | 19 kilometres | case |
| 18 | 3 | 3 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 19 kilometres | nummod |
| 19 | kilometres | kilometre | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 ice | nmod |
| 20 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 kilometres | amod |
| 21 | covered | cover | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 ended | parataxis |
| 22 | Canada | Canada | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 covered | obj |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 Europe | cc |
| 24 | northern | northern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 Europe | amod |
| 25 | Europe | Europe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 Canada | conj |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 locked | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 locked | cc |
| 28 | so | so | ADV | _ | 29 much | advmod |
| 29 | much | much | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 water | amod |
| 30 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 locked | nsubj:pass |
| 31 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 locked | aux:pass |
| 32 | locked | lock | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 Canada | acl:relcl |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 34 ice | case |
| 34 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 locked | obl |
| 35 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 42 lower | mark |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 sea | det |
| 37 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 lower | nsubj |
| 38 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 42 lower | cop |
| 39 | about | about | ADV | _ | 40 120 | advmod |
| 40 | 120 | 120 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 41 metres | nummod |
| 41 | metres | metre | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 lower | obl:unmarked |
| 42 | lower | low | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 32 locked | advcl |
| 43 | than | than | ADP | _ | 44 today | case |
| 44 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 lower | obl |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 ended | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ended | past | the last cold period | ago property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | cover | past | ice to 3 kilometres | Canada and northern Europe | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme canada=Destination | ||||
| 3 | lock | past · passive | Canada and northern Europe not said here | much water | ice | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | |||
| 4 | is | past | the sea | today | 120 metres obl:unmarked; low property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:065-glaciers-ice-ages-polar-lands.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/65-glaciers-ice-ages-polar-lands/5/