Clouds, rain, snow and hail, sentence 0
A cloud is made of billions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals, so small that the gentlest rising air keeps them floating; a cloud is not water vapour, which is invisible.
Who acts: gentlest rising air, crystals, cloud, water vapour · What happens: make, rise, keep, float, not be, be · To what, where: cloud, crystals, water vapour
This is a sentence of the lesson «Clouds, rain, snow and hail» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (gentlest rising air, crystals, cloud, water vapour), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 cloud | det |
| 2 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 made | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 made | aux:pass |
| 4 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 billions | case |
| 6 | billions | billion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 made | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 droplets | case |
| 8 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 droplets | amod |
| 9 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 droplets | compound |
| 10 | droplets | droplet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 billions | nmod |
| 11 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 13 crystals | cc |
| 12 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 crystals | compound |
| 13 | crystals | crystal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 droplets | conj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 small | punct |
| 15 | so | so | ADV | _ | 16 small | advmod |
| 16 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 droplets | parataxis |
| 17 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 22 keeps | mark |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 air | det |
| 19 | gentlest | gentle | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 21 air | amod |
| 20 | rising | rise | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 21 air | amod |
| 21 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 keeps | nsubj |
| 22 | keeps | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 small | advcl |
| 23 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 keeps | obj |
| 24 | floating | float | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 22 keeps | xcomp |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 vapour | punct |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 cloud | det |
| 27 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 vapour | nsubj |
| 28 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 vapour | cop |
| 29 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 31 vapour | advmod |
| 30 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 vapour | compound |
| 31 | vapour | vapour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 made | parataxis |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 invisible | punct |
| 33 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 35 invisible | nsubj |
| 34 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 35 invisible | cop |
| 35 | invisible | invisible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 vapour | acl:relcl |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 made | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | present · passive | a cloud | of billions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 2 | rise | gerund | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | keep | present | the gentlest rising air | crystals = crystal | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | float | gerund | crystals = crystal not said here | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | not is a | present | a cloud | water vapour | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | is | present | water vapour | invisible property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:067-clouds-rain-snow-hail.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/67-clouds-rain-snow-hail/0/