Dinosaurs and life long ago, sentence 2

We know about them from fossils: when an animal was buried quickly in mud or sand, its bones were slowly replaced by minerals and turned into stone; footprints, eggs and even droppings can become fossils too.

Who acts: We, minerals, footprints · What happens: know, bury, replace, turn, become · To what, where: fossils, animal, mud, bones, stone

This is a sentence of the lesson «Dinosaurs and life long ago» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We, minerals, footprints), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 know	nsubj
2	know	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	about	about	ADP	_	4 them	case
4	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 know	obl
5	from	from	ADP	_	6 fossils	case
6	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 know	obl
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 know	punct
8	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	12 buried	advmod
9	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 animal	det
10	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 buried	nsubj:pass
11	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 buried	aux:pass
12	buried	bury	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	23 replaced	advcl
13	quickly	quickly	ADV	_	12 buried	advmod
14	in	in	ADP	_	15 mud	case
15	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 buried	obl
16	or	or	CCONJ	_	17 sand	cc
17	sand	sand	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 mud	conj
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 replaced	punct
19	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	20 bones	nmod:poss
20	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 replaced	nsubj:pass
21	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	23 replaced	aux:pass
22	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	23 replaced	advmod
23	replaced	replace	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 know	parataxis
24	by	by	ADP	_	25 minerals	case
25	minerals	mineral	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 replaced	obl
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 turned	cc
27	turned	turn	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	23 replaced	conj
28	into	into	ADP	_	29 stone	case
29	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 turned	obl
30	;	;	PUNCT	_	31 footprints	punct
31	footprints	footprint	NOUN	Number=Plur	38 become	nsubj
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 eggs	punct
33	eggs	egg	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 footprints	conj
34	and	and	CCONJ	_	33 eggs	cc
35	even	even	ADV	_	36 droppings	advmod
36	droppings	dropping	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 footprints	conj
37	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	38 become	aux
38	become	become	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 know	parataxis
39	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	38 become	xcomp
40	too	too	ADV	_	38 become	advmod
41	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 know	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	know	present	We		fossils	about reptiles = reptile	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer about they=Stimulus
2	bury	past · passive		a animal	mud or sand	quickly property	vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in mud=Destination
3	replace	past · passive	minerals	sand's bones		slowly property	vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme
4	turn	participle	minerals not said here		stone		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into stone=Trajectory
5	become	can	footprints and eggs and droppings	fossils			vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:078-dinosaurs-and-life-long-ago.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/78-dinosaurs-and-life-long-ago/2/