Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, The Ugly Duckling, sentence 128
The clouds, heavy with hail and snow-flakes, hung low in the sky, and the raven stood on the ferns crying, "Croak, croak."
Who acts: clouds · What happens: hang, stand, cry · To what, where: snow flakes, sky, ferns, Croak
This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Ugly Duckling. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (clouds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 clouds | det |
| 2 | clouds | cloud | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 stood | nsubj |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 heavy | punct |
| 4 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 clouds | amod |
| 5 | with | with | ADP | _ | 6 hail | case |
| 6 | hail | hail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 heavy | obl |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 flakes | cc |
| 8 | snow | snow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 flakes | compound |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 snow | punct |
| 10 | flakes | flake | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 hail | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 hung | punct |
| 12 | hung | hang | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 flakes | acl |
| 13 | low | low | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 hung | xcomp |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 sky | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 sky | det |
| 16 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 hung | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 stood | punct |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 stood | cc |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 raven | det |
| 20 | raven | raven | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 stood | nsubj |
| 21 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 22 | on | on | ADP | _ | 24 ferns | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 ferns | det |
| 24 | ferns | fern | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 stood | obl |
| 25 | crying | cry | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 21 stood | advcl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 Croak | punct |
| 27 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 28 Croak | punct |
| 28 | Croak | croak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 crying | obj |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 croak | punct |
| 30 | croak | croak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 Croak | conj |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 21 stood | punct |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 21 stood | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hang | participle | snow flakes not said here | the sky | low property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in sky=Location | |||
| 2 | stand | past | the clouds | the ferns | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on fern=Location | ||||
| 3 | cry speech: express | gerund | the clouds not said here | Croak and croak | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent croak=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg27200/201/128/