Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Turtle, sentence 70
“Ahas!” said a gruff voice across the water.
Who acts: Ahas · What happens: say · To what, where: gruff voice, water · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Turtle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ahas), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ahas | punct |
| 2 | Ahas | aha | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 said | nsubj |
| 3 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ahas | punct |
| 4 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Ahas | punct |
| 5 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 voice | det |
| 7 | gruff | gruff | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 voice | amod |
| 8 | voice | voice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 said | obj |
| 9 | across | across | ADP | _ | 11 water | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 water | det |
| 11 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 voice | nmod |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Ahas | a gruff voice | the water | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent voice=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg338/10/70/