Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 14, sentence 100
Suddenly a terrible noise was heard in the forest, and the tree-boughs creaked and the dry leaves crackled.
Who acts: tree boughs, dry leaves · What happens: hear, creak, crackle · To what, where: terrible noise, forest
This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tree boughs, dry leaves), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Suddenly | suddenly | ADV | _ | 6 heard | advmod |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 noise | det |
| 3 | terrible | terrible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 noise | amod |
| 4 | noise | noise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 heard | nsubj |
| 5 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 heard | aux:pass |
| 6 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 forest | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 forest | det |
| 9 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 heard | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 creaked | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 creaked | cc |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 boughs | det |
| 13 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 boughs | compound |
| 14 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 13 tree | punct |
| 15 | boughs | bough | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 creaked | nsubj |
| 16 | creaked | creak | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 heard | conj |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 crackled | cc |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 leaves | det |
| 19 | dry | dry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 leaves | amod |
| 20 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 crackled | nsubj |
| 21 | crackled | crackle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 creaked | conj |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 heard | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hear | past · passive | a terrible noise | the forest | suddenly property | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus | |||
| 2 | creak | past | the tree boughs | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | crackle | past | the dry leaves | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/14/100/