Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 26, sentence 81
Elijah guessed: “you must have told him what to do!”
Who acts: Elijah · What happens: guess, tell, do · To what, where: NICHOLAS · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 26. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Elijah), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Elijah | Elijah | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 guessed | nsubj |
| 2 | guessed | guess | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 2 guessed | punct |
| 4 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 told | punct |
| 5 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 8 told | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 8 told | aux |
| 7 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 8 told | aux |
| 8 | told | tell | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 guessed | parataxis |
| 9 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 told | iobj |
| 10 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 12 do | obj |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 do | mark |
| 12 | do | do | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 told | ccomp |
| 13 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 8 told | punct |
| 14 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 guessed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | guess | past | Elijah | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | tell speech: assert in a quote | must · perfect · passive | NICHOLAS | NICHOLAS | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | do not said to happen, in a quote | to-infinitive | what obj | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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