Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 34, sentence 110
“Let us exchange,” said the old man to the Cossack.
Who acts: us, old man · What happens: let, exchange, say · To what, where: us · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 34. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (us, old man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Let | punct |
| 2 | Let | let | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 said | ccomp |
| 3 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 2 Let | obj |
| 4 | exchange | exchange | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 Let | xcomp |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Let | punct |
| 6 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Let | punct |
| 7 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 man | det |
| 9 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 man | amod |
| 10 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 said | nsubj |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 13 Cossack | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 Cossack | det |
| 13 | Cossack | cossack | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 man | nmod |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | let in a quote | infinitive | us | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | exchange in a quote | infinitive | us not said here | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | say speech: assert | past | the old man to the Cossack | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/34/110/