The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 21, sentence 106
The tortoise at once came to the surface, and seeing the goat standing there, evidently thirsty, but trembling and afraid to drink, spoke kindly to him, assuring him that there was no danger.
Who acts: tortoise, goat, danger · What happens: come, see, stand, tremble, drink, speak · To what, where: surface, goat · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 21. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tortoise, goat, danger), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 tortoise | det |
| 2 | tortoise | tortoise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 came | nsubj |
| 3 | at | at | ADP | _ | 4 once | case |
| 4 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 5 came | obl |
| 5 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | to | to | ADP | _ | 8 surface | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 surface | det |
| 8 | surface | surface | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 came | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 thirsty | punct |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 thirsty | cc |
| 11 | seeing | see | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 18 thirsty | csubj |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 goat | det |
| 13 | goat | goat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 seeing | obj |
| 14 | standing | stand | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 11 seeing | xcomp |
| 15 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 14 standing | advmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 thirsty | punct |
| 17 | evidently | evidently | ADV | _ | 18 thirsty | advmod |
| 18 | thirsty | thirsty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 came | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 spoke | punct |
| 20 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 27 spoke | cc |
| 21 | trembling | tremble | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 27 spoke | advcl |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 afraid | cc |
| 23 | afraid | afraid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 trembling | conj |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 drink | mark |
| 25 | drink | drink | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 afraid | xcomp |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 trembling | punct |
| 27 | spoke | speak | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 came | parataxis |
| 28 | kindly | kindly | ADV | _ | 27 spoke | advmod |
| 29 | to | to | ADP | _ | 30 him | case |
| 30 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 spoke | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 assuring | punct |
| 32 | assuring | assure | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 27 spoke | advcl |
| 33 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 assuring | obj |
| 34 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 was | mark |
| 35 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 36 was | expl |
| 36 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 assuring | advcl |
| 37 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 38 danger | det |
| 38 | danger | danger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 was | nsubj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | the tortoise | the surface | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to surface=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | see | gerund | the goat | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | stand | gerund | the goat not said here | there | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | tremble | gerund | vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 5 | drink | to-infinitive | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | speak speech: other | past | goat | kindly property | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to he=Co-Agent | ||||
| 7 | assure | gerund | goat | vn advise-37.9 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient | |||||
| 8 | be | past | no danger | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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