The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 22, sentence 1
It was foolish for the tortoise to have come so far from home, especially to a place so dangerous as this, because it surely would not be very long before the hunter returned, and his presence there caused the goat to say: “My dear friend, I am sorry to have been the cause of bringing you here, for if the hunter should come, how could you escape?
Who acts: It, tortoise, hunter, presence, dear friend, cause · What happens: be, come, not be, return, cause, say · To what, where: home, goat, cause, you · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 22. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (It, tortoise, hunter, presence), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 foolish | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 foolish | cop |
| 3 | foolish | foolish | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 9 come | mark |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 tortoise | det |
| 6 | tortoise | tortoise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 come | nsubj |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 come | mark |
| 8 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 9 come | aux |
| 9 | come | come | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 3 foolish | advcl |
| 10 | so | so | ADV | _ | 11 far | advmod |
| 11 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 13 home | advmod |
| 12 | from | from | ADP | _ | 13 home | case |
| 13 | home | home | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 come | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 place | punct |
| 15 | especially | especially | ADV | _ | 18 place | advmod |
| 16 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 place | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 place | det |
| 18 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 foolish | parataxis |
| 19 | so | so | ADV | _ | 20 dangerous | advmod |
| 20 | dangerous | dangerous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 place | amod |
| 21 | as | as | ADP | _ | 22 this | case |
| 22 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 20 dangerous | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 would | punct |
| 24 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 27 would | mark |
| 25 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 would | nsubj |
| 26 | surely | surely | ADV | _ | 27 would | advmod |
| 27 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 3 foolish | aux |
| 28 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 31 long | advmod |
| 29 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 31 long | cop |
| 30 | very | very | ADV | _ | 31 long | advmod |
| 31 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 27 would | advmod |
| 32 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 35 returned | mark |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 hunter | det |
| 34 | hunter | hunter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 returned | nsubj |
| 35 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 31 long | advcl |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 caused | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 caused | cc |
| 38 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 39 presence | nmod:poss |
| 39 | presence | presence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 caused | nsubj |
| 40 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 41 caused | advmod |
| 41 | caused | cause | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 foolish | conj |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 goat | det |
| 43 | goat | goat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 caused | obj |
| 44 | to | to | PART | _ | 45 say | mark |
| 45 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 41 caused | ccomp |
| 46 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 54 sorry | punct |
| 47 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 54 sorry | punct |
| 48 | My | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 50 friend | nmod:poss |
| 49 | dear | dear | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 50 friend | amod |
| 50 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 sorry | nsubj |
| 51 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 friend | punct |
| 52 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 54 sorry | nsubj |
| 53 | am | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 54 sorry | cop |
| 54 | sorry | sorry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 foolish | conj |
| 55 | to | to | PART | _ | 59 cause | mark |
| 56 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 59 cause | aux |
| 57 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 59 cause | cop |
| 58 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 59 cause | det |
| 59 | cause | cause | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 sorry | parataxis |
| 60 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 61 bringing | mark |
| 61 | bringing | bring | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 59 cause | acl |
| 62 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 61 bringing | obj |
| 63 | here | here | ADV | PronType=Dem | 61 bringing | advmod |
| 64 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 70 come | punct |
| 65 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 70 come | mark |
| 66 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 70 come | mark |
| 67 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 68 hunter | det |
| 68 | hunter | hunter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 70 come | nsubj |
| 69 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 70 come | aux |
| 70 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 59 cause | parataxis |
| 71 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 75 escape | punct |
| 72 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 75 escape | advmod |
| 73 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 75 escape | aux |
| 74 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 75 escape | nsubj |
| 75 | escape | escape | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 70 come | conj |
| 76 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 3 foolish | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | would · past | It | a place parataxis; foolish property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | come | to-infinitive · perfect | the tortoise | home | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from home=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | not is | infinitive | long property | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | return | past | the hunter | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | cause | past | hunter's presence | the goat | there | tree rules | |||
| 6 | say speech: ask | to-infinitive | hunter's presence not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | is in a quote | present | My dear friend | I nsubj; sorry property | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | is a in a quote | to-infinitive · perfect | the cause | tree rules | |||||
| 9 | bring in a quote | gerund | the cause not said here | you | here | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument you=Destination | |||
| 10 | come a condition, not said to happen, in a quote | should | the hunter | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 11 | escape in a quote | could | you | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg65965/22/1/