The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 4, sentence 10
On learning his determination his aunts were much alarmed, saying, “We have lost our husbands and our sister and her husband and you are now our only hope; if you go away, what shall we do?”
Who acts: determination, We, you, Balna · What happens: learn, alarm, say, lose, be, go away · To what, where: determination, aunts, husbands, only hope · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (determination, We, you, Balna), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | On | on | SCONJ | _ | 2 learning | mark |
| 2 | learning | learn | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 3 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 4 determination | nmod:poss |
| 4 | determination | determination | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 learning | obj |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 aunts | nmod:poss |
| 6 | aunts | aunt | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 alarmed | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 alarmed | aux:pass |
| 8 | much | much | ADV | _ | 9 alarmed | advmod |
| 9 | alarmed | alarm | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 determination | acl:relcl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 saying | punct |
| 11 | saying | say | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 learning | conj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 lost | punct |
| 13 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 16 lost | punct |
| 14 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 16 lost | nsubj |
| 15 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 lost | aux |
| 16 | lost | lose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 11 saying | ccomp |
| 17 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 18 husbands | nmod:poss |
| 18 | husbands | husband | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 lost | obj |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 sister | cc |
| 20 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 sister | nmod:poss |
| 21 | sister | sister | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 husbands | conj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 husband | cc |
| 23 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 24 husband | nmod:poss |
| 24 | husband | husband | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 husbands | conj |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 hope | cc |
| 26 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 31 hope | nsubj |
| 27 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 hope | cop |
| 28 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 31 hope | advmod |
| 29 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 hope | nmod:poss |
| 30 | only | only | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 hope | amod |
| 31 | hope | hope | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 lost | conj |
| 32 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 35 go | punct |
| 33 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 35 go | mark |
| 34 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 35 go | nsubj |
| 35 | go | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 learning | parataxis |
| 36 | away | away | ADV | _ | 35 go | advmod |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 do | punct |
| 38 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 41 do | obj |
| 39 | shall | shall | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 41 do | aux |
| 40 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 41 do | nsubj |
| 41 | do | do | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 35 go | parataxis |
| 42 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 41 do | punct |
| 43 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 41 do | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | learn | gerund | Balna's determination | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | alarm | past · passive | Balna's determination not said here | Balna's aunts | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer | ||||
| 3 | say speech: ask | gerund | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 4 | lose in a quote | present · perfect | We | our husbands and our sister and dog's husband | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent husband=Eventuality | ||||
| 5 | is a in a quote | present | you | our only hope | now | our nmod:poss | tree rules | ||
| 6 | go away a condition, not said to happen, in a quote | present | you | away property | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 7 | do in a quote | shall | we | what obj | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality | ||||
| 8 | determine | Balna | nom determination «act intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg65965/4/10/