Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose, Opening, part 1, sentence 44
Thus Romulus built Rome (and gave to the city his own name, which it bears even to this day); and Ticius turned him to Tuscany; and Langobard raised him up dwellings in Lombardy; and Felix Brutus sailed far over the French flood, and founded the kingdom of Britain, wherein have been war and waste and wonder, and bliss and bale, oft-times since.
Who acts: Romulus, name, Ticius, Langobard, Felix · What happens: build, give, bear, turn, raise up, sail · To what, where: Rome, own name, city, Romulus, Tuscany, French flood
This is a sentence of «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Romulus, name, Ticius, Langobard), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thus | thus | ADV | _ | 3 built | advmod |
| 2 | Romulus | Romulus | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 built | nsubj |
| 3 | built | build | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | Rome | Rome | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 built | obj |
| 5 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 7 gave | punct |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 gave | cc |
| 7 | gave | give | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 built | conj |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 10 city | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 city | det |
| 10 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 gave | obl |
| 11 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 name | nmod:poss |
| 12 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 name | amod |
| 13 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 gave | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 bears | punct |
| 15 | which | which | DET | PronType=Int | 17 bears | det |
| 16 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 bears | nsubj |
| 17 | bears | bear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 name | conj |
| 18 | even | even | ADV | _ | 21 day | advmod |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 day | case |
| 20 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 21 day | det |
| 21 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 gave | obl |
| 22 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 7 gave | punct |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 turned | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 turned | cc |
| 25 | Ticius | Ticius | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 turned | nsubj |
| 26 | turned | turn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 built | conj |
| 27 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 turned | obj |
| 28 | to | to | ADP | _ | 29 Tuscany | case |
| 29 | Tuscany | Tuscany | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 turned | obl |
| 30 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 33 raised | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 Langobard | cc |
| 32 | Langobard | Langobard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 raised | nsubj |
| 33 | raised | raise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 built | conj |
| 34 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 raised | obj |
| 35 | up | up | ADP | _ | 33 raised | compound:prt |
| 36 | dwellings | dwelling | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 raised | obj |
| 37 | in | in | ADP | _ | 38 Lombardy | case |
| 38 | Lombardy | Lombardy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 dwellings | nmod |
| 39 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 43 sailed | punct |
| 40 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 43 sailed | cc |
| 41 | Felix | Felix | PROPN | Number=Sing | 43 sailed | nsubj |
| 42 | Brutus | Brutus | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 Felix | flat |
| 43 | sailed | sail | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 built | conj |
| 44 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 43 sailed | advmod |
| 45 | over | over | ADP | _ | 48 flood | case |
| 46 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 48 flood | det |
| 47 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 48 flood | amod |
| 48 | flood | flood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 sailed | obl |
| 49 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 founded | punct |
| 50 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 51 founded | cc |
| 51 | founded | found | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 43 sailed | conj |
| 52 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 53 kingdom | det |
| 53 | kingdom | kingdom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 founded | obj |
| 54 | of | of | ADP | _ | 55 Britain | case |
| 55 | Britain | Britain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 53 kingdom | nmod |
| 56 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 57 wherein | punct |
| 57 | wherein | wherein | ADV | PronType=Int | 51 founded | parataxis |
| 58 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 60 war | aux |
| 59 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 60 war | cop |
| 60 | war | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 57 wherein | nsubj |
| 61 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 62 waste | cc |
| 62 | waste | waste | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 war | conj |
| 63 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 64 wonder | cc |
| 64 | wonder | wonder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 war | conj |
| 65 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 67 bliss | punct |
| 66 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 67 bliss | cc |
| 67 | bliss | bliss | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 war | conj |
| 68 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 69 bale | cc |
| 69 | bale | bale | NOUN | Number=Sing | 67 bliss | conj |
| 70 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 73 times | punct |
| 71 | oft | oft | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 73 times | amod |
| 72 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 71 oft | punct |
| 73 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 67 bliss | obl:unmarked |
| 74 | since | since | ADV | _ | 73 times | advmod |
| 75 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 built | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | build | past | Romulus | Rome | thus property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rome=Product | |||
| 2 | give | past | Romulus not said here | Romulus's own name and which bears | the city | day | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent name=Theme to city=Recipient | ||
| 3 | bear | name | tree rules | ||||||
| 4 | turn | past | Ticius | Romulus | Tuscany | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent he=Theme to tuscany=Result | |||
| 5 | raise up | past | Langobard | Romulus | dwellings obj | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent he=Theme dwelling=Destination | |||
| 6 | sail | past | Felix | the French flood | far property | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over flood=Trajectory | |||
| 7 | found | past | Felix not said here | the kingdom of Britain | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kingdom=Patient | ||||
| 8 | is a | present · perfect | war and waste and wonder and bliss oft times and bale | waste conj; wonder conj; bliss oft times and bale conj | tree rules | ||||
| 9 | name | Romulus | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Project Gutenberg book 66084 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66084/1/44/