Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose, Opening, part 2, sentence 49
He frowned and twisted his beard, waiting to see who should rise, and when none answered he cried aloud in mockery, “What, is this Arthur’s hall, and these the knights whose renown hath run through many realms?
Who acts: Knight, none, hall, renown, knights · What happens: frown, twist, wait, see, rise, answer · To what, where: beard, mockery, many realms · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Knight, none, hall, renown), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 frowned | nsubj |
| 2 | frowned | frown | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 4 twisted | cc |
| 4 | twisted | twist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 frowned | conj |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 beard | nmod:poss |
| 6 | beard | beard | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 twisted | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 waiting | punct |
| 8 | waiting | wait | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 twisted | advcl |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 see | mark |
| 10 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 waiting | advcl |
| 11 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 rise | nsubj |
| 12 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 13 rise | aux |
| 13 | rise | rise | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 see | ccomp |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 cried | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 cried | cc |
| 16 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 18 answered | advmod |
| 17 | none | none | PRON | PronType=Neg | 18 answered | nsubj |
| 18 | answered | answer | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 cried | advcl |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 cried | nsubj |
| 20 | cried | cry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 frowned | conj |
| 21 | aloud | aloud | ADV | _ | 20 cried | advmod |
| 22 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 mockery | case |
| 23 | mockery | mockery | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 cried | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 What | punct |
| 25 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 What | punct |
| 26 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 20 cried | parataxis |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 What | punct |
| 28 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 What | cop |
| 29 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 30 Arthur | det |
| 30 | Arthur | Arthur | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 hall | nmod:poss |
| 31 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 30 Arthur | case |
| 32 | hall | hall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 What | nsubj |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 run | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 run | cc |
| 35 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 37 knights | det |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 knights | det |
| 37 | knights | knight | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 run | nsubj |
| 38 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 39 renown | nmod:poss |
| 39 | renown | renown | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 hath | nsubj |
| 40 | hath | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Style=Arch Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 knights | acl:relcl |
| 41 | run | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 frowned | conj |
| 42 | through | through | ADP | _ | 44 realms | case |
| 43 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 realms | amod |
| 44 | realms | realm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 run | obl |
| 45 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 2 frowned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | frown | past | Knight | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | twist | past | Knight not said here | Knight's beard | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent beard=Theme | ||||
| 3 | wait | gerund | Knight not said here | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | see | to-infinitive | Knight not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 5 | rise | should | who nsubj | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | answer speech: assert | past | none | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | cry speech: express | past | Knight | mockery | aloud property | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||
| 8 | is a in a quote | present | this Arthur's hall | tree rules | |||||
| 9 | have in a quote | present | renown | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 10 | run in a quote | present | this knights | many realms | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through realm=Trajectory |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Project Gutenberg book 66084 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg66084/2/49/