Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose, Opening, part 5, sentence 34
The knight lay there awhile, and marvelled within himself what her coming might betoken; and he said to himself, “’Twere more seemly if I asked her what hath brought her hither.”
Who acts: knight, coming, lord · What happens: lie, marvell, come, betoken, say, ask · To what, where: lord, wife · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Opening, part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (knight, coming, lord), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 knight | det |
| 2 | knight | knight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 lay | nsubj |
| 3 | lay | lie | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 3 lay | advmod |
| 5 | awhile | awhile | ADV | _ | 3 lay | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 marvelled | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 marvelled | cc |
| 8 | marvelled | marvell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 lay | conj |
| 9 | within | within | ADP | _ | 10 himself | case |
| 10 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 8 marvelled | obl |
| 11 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 15 betoken | obj |
| 12 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 coming | nmod:poss |
| 13 | coming | come | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 15 betoken | csubj |
| 14 | might | might | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 15 betoken | aux |
| 15 | betoken | betoken | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 marvelled | ccomp |
| 16 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 19 said | punct |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 said | cc |
| 18 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 said | nsubj |
| 19 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 lay | parataxis |
| 20 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 himself | case |
| 21 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 19 said | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 ’ | punct |
| 23 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 24 ’ | punct |
| 24 | ’ | ' | X | _ | 19 said | ccomp |
| 25 | Twere | Twere | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 ’ | goeswith |
| 26 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 27 seemly | advmod |
| 27 | seemly | seemly | ADV | _ | 24 ’ | advmod |
| 28 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 30 asked | mark |
| 29 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 30 asked | nsubj |
| 30 | asked | ask | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 said | advcl |
| 31 | her | she | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 asked | iobj |
| 32 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 34 brought | obj |
| 33 | hath | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Style=Arch Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 brought | aux:pass |
| 34 | brought | bring | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 asked | ccomp |
| 35 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 hither | nmod:poss |
| 36 | hither | hither | ADV | _ | 34 brought | advmod |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 19 said | punct |
| 38 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 lay | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lie | past | the knight | there | awhile property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | marvell | past | the knight not said here | within lord | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | come | gerund | wife nmod:poss | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | betoken | might | coming | what obj | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | say speech: assert | past | lord | lord | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to himself=Recipient | ||||
| 6 | ask speech: ask a condition, not said to happen, in a quote | past | lord | wife | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S»: agent=Agent she=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 7 | bring in a quote | present · passive | what obj; hither property | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: what=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Project Gutenberg book 66084 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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